TRADITIONAL TO RECENT APPROACHES IN HERBAL MEDICINE THERAPY OF COVID-19

Coronavirus pneumonia disease (COVID-19) is a newly identified coronavirus strain that causes symptoms ranging from cold-like signs to deaths that reached millions around the world. Until this time, there is no approved vaccine has been invented for clinical use, therefore, developing an effective program for therapy is of high priority to save the lives of patients and protect others from being infected. Nature resembles a huge reservoir of anti-infectious compounds, from which innovative ideas, therapies, and products can be deduced. Chinese herbal medicine had succeeded in the treatment of other coronavirus pneumonia such as SARS, MERS and, H7N9 avian influenza which gives us hope to find the targeted remedy in the traditionally used natural herbs consumed by natives from different regions. This work aims to highlight the use of natural traditional remedies to treat viral pneumonia. This systematic review will include studies of the effects of traditional herbal medicine and its role in the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia. Although promising results were obtained in many cases, but, only a few studies reported the fractional characterization of bioactive principles and/or mechanisms of action. It is requested that pharmaceutical industries, government agencies, and the scientific community will have a gaze at some of these plants for future research and, to find a potential drug candidates for the development of anti-SARSCoV-2 therapeutics in the near future.                          Peer Review History: Received: 6 September 2020; Revised: 10 October; Accepted: 25 October, Available online: 15 November 2020 Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file:                Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, [email protected] Prof. Dr. Amani S. Awaad, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj. KSA. [email protected] Similar Articles: EUCALYPTUS ESSENTIAL OIL; AN OFF-LABEL USE TO PROTECT THE WORLD FROM COVID-19 PANDEMIC: REVIEW-BASED HYPOTHESES THE RISKS AND ADVANTAGES OF ANTI-DIABETES THERAPY IN THE POSITIVE COVID-19 PATIEN

Chemical constituents, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities of Anisotes trisulcus

Anisotes trisulcus (Forssk.) Nees. (family Acanthaceae) aerial part is used in folk medicine in the Arabian peninsula for treatment of hepatic conditions. It showed different activities such as antibacterial, hepatoprotective, and cytotoxicity. It is a rich source of alkaloids and is used as an antidiabetic, bronchodilator, hypotensive, and local anesthetic. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the phenolic constituents of A. trisulcus. Therefore, this study aims to identify the constituents and establish antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the total methanolic extract and different fractions. One new benzoyl flavonol: 7,8,3′-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-4′-benzoyl flavonol (5), along with eight known compounds: α-amyrin (1), β-sitosterol (2), stigmasterol (3), (2S,3S,4R)-2[(2′R)-2′-hydroxytetracosanoyl amino]-octadecane-1,3,4-triol (4), allopateuletin (6), veratric acid (7), vanillic acid (8), and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (9) were isolated from A. trisulcus aerial parts. Their structures were established by physical, chemical, and spectral data (UV, IR, MS, and 1D NMR), as well as comparison with authentic samples. The anti-inflammatory activity of the total methanolic extract and different fractions was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema method at a dose of 400 mg/kg. Also, the antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH assay at concentrations 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL. The total MeOH extract and EtOAc fraction showed high antioxidant activity 75% and 68% (Conc. 1 mg/mL), respectively while, the n-hexane and EtOAc fractions exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects

An Approach for Developing a Simple and Quick Method for Separation of Asiatic Acid and Asiaticoside Rich Fraction From Centella Asiatica and Simultaneous Determination by Reversed- Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

In Asian countries, Centella asiatica is exploited for abundant types of pharmacological activities due to the presence of opulent phytochemicals. Asiaticoside, madecassoside, and their sapogenin triterpene acids such as asiatic acid and madecassic acid are the most noticeable triterpenes present in C. asiatica. To date, numerous techniques/methods are used to extract and isolate the different kinds of phytoconstituents from C. asiatica. Still, most methods require some special requirements, and some procedures are monotonous and time-consuming. Meanwhile, previously reported methods used for the extraction and isolation were not validated for large-scale production, yield, and purity. The study's primary goal is to develop the methodology for extracting and isolating the Asiaticoside and asiatic acid from C. asiatica at the minimum time with the highest yield and purity. Asiaticoside and asiatic acid extraction and isolation involved the acid hydrolysis method and recovered in alcohol. The Reverse Phase- High Performace Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines for quantifying both compounds. The obtained results indicate that the developed method produces asiaticoside and asiatic acid with good purity. As per the ICH guidelines, the RP-HPLC was developed and validated. The proposed method can be used to isolate the asiaticoside and asiatic acid from C. asiatica. Some modification in this method leads to the large-scale production of highly pure asiatic acid and asiaticoside for their versatile application in the area of cosmetics and phytopharmaceuticals

Epidemiological studies on Johne’s disease in ruminants and Crohn’s disease in humans in Egypt

The correlation between Johne’s disease (JD) and Crohn’s disease (CD) in Egypt was investigated. A total of 371 human and 435 animal sera were collected from the same Egyptian governorates that had a known history of paratuberculosis infection and were subjected to screening for paratuberculosis using ELISA to assess the human/animal risk at a single time point. Five CD patients and five JD clinically infected dairy cattle were also included. Out of 435 animal serum samples, 196 (45.2%) were MAP-ELISA positive. Twenty three (6.1%) out of 371 human serum samples were MAP-ELISA positive, while 37 (9.9%) were positive for anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) ELISAs. There was a very poor agreement between human MAP and ASCA ELISAs (0.036 by kappa statistics). The prevalence of MAP antibodies among humans is clearly lower than in animals. In conclusion there is an increase in Johne’s disease incidence in animals and a very weak relationship between MAP and Crohn’s disease in humans in Egypt