Coordination, combination and extension of balanced samples

The cube method allows the selection of balanced samples on several auxiliary variables with equal or unequal inclusion probabilities. Practical implementation of the cube method has raised questions concerning the selection of a multi-phase balanced sampling design, the rebalancing of an unbalanced sampling design by completing it with another sample, the selection of a balanced sample from an unbalanced sample and the coordination of balanced samples. This paper provides a complete solution of all these problem

La collaboration entre un enseignant titulaire et un enseignant spécialisé dans une perspective inclusive: quels en sont les facilitateurs et les freins ?

Le système scolaire fribourgeois s’inscrit dans une période de transition avec l’arrivée de nouvelles législations touchant le domaine de l’intégration et de l’inclusion. Dans le cadre d’une scolarisation d’un élève en situation de handicap dans le cursus ordinaire, l’enseignant titulaire est amené à collaborer avec un enseignant spécialisé. Notre question de recherche s’intitule donc : « La collaboration entre un enseignant titulaire et un enseignant spécialisé dans une perspective inclusive : Quels en sont les facilitateurs et les freins ? ». Pour mener cette enquête de type qualitatif, nous avons réalisé des entretiens semidirigés auprès de cinq duos pédagogiques. Leurs pratiques déclarées nous ont permis d’identifier des facilitateurs et des freins à la collaboration. Suite à cette recherche, nous avons constaté qu’il n’existe pas de recette miracle pour collaborer. Cependant, nous avons élaboré une modélisation de la collaboration regroupant des conditions favorables à un partenariat et permettant aux enseignants d’avoir conscience des facteurs influençant la qualité de celui-ci

Inter-organisational network configurations for ski areas innovations

International audienceUnlike industrial innovations, service innovations cannot be protected by patents or designs. Thus, the implementation of innovation networks is often seen as a key to generate a sustainable competitive advantage. In this paper, we are interested in the main forms of inter-organizational networks that led to service innovations. More precisely, this article aims to examine the relationship between the characteristics of inter-organizational networks and the type of service innovation. A typology of service innovations and a network analysis framework allowed us to study the innovations implemented by two major French winter sports resorts: the Portes du Soleil and Paradiski. In total, we studied the structure of 12 innovation networks. Our results show that, depending on the type of innovation implemented, networks are different in terms of partners involved, regulation mode and geographic scope. However, regardless of the innovation developed, it seems necessary to have a central actor to orchestrate the various partners

Use and comparison of different internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES) in tricistronic retroviral vectors

BACKGROUND: Polycistronic retroviral vectors that contain several therapeutic genes linked via internal ribosome entry sites (IRES), provide new and effective tools for the co-expression of exogenous cDNAs in clinical gene therapy protocols. For example, tricistronic retroviral vectors could be used to genetically modify antigen presenting cells, enabling them to express different co-stimulatory molecules known to enhance tumor cell immunogenicity. RESULTS: We have constructed and compared different retroviral vectors containing two co-stimulatory molecules (CD70, CD80) and selectable marker genes linked to different IRES sequences (IRES from EMCV, c-myc, FGF-2 and HTLV-1). The tricistronic recombinant amphotropic viruses containing the IRES from EMCV, FGF-2 or HTLV-1 were equally efficient in inducing the expression of an exogenous gene in the transduced murine or human cells, without displaying any cell type specificity. The simultaneous presence of several IRESes on the same mRNA, however, can induce the differential expression of the various cistrons. Here we show that the IRESes of HTLV-1 and EMCV interfere with the translation induced by other IRESes in mouse melanoma cells. The IRES from FGF-2 did however induce the expression of exogenous cDNA in human melanoma cells without any positive or negative regulation from the other IRESs present within the vectors. Tumor cells that were genetically modified with the tricistronic retroviral vectors, were able to induce an in vivo anti-tumor immune response in murine models. CONCLUSION: Translation of the exogenous gene is directed by the IRES and its high level of expression not only depends on the type of cell that is transduced but also on the presence of other genetic elements within the vector

Quality-adjusted survival analysis shows differences in outcome after immunosuppression or bone marrow transplantation in aplastic anemia

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and immunosuppression (IS) have improved the prognosis of aplastic anemia; both treatments have specific advantages and drawbacks but similar survival rates. Analysis of additional endpoints may help in treatment decisions. In a single-center study, patients with aplastic anemia treated with IS (n=155) or BMT (n=52) were compared for survival, event-free survival, and quality-adjusted time without symptoms and toxicity (Q-TWiST). Probability of overall and event-free survival at 15 years was similar among both groups (BMT 51±15% and 25±14%, IS 53±10% and 27±8%), with more early deaths in the transplant group and more late deaths in the IS group. There were differences in terms of mean duration of seven analyzed health states: time with symptoms from treatment-related toxicity (IS 0.36 years, BMT 0.27), transfusion dependency (IS 0.66 years, BMT 0.1 years), partial remission (IS 3.27 years, BMT 1.42), and secondary clonal disorder (IS 0.68 years, BMT 0.04) was significantly longer for IS compared to BMT (p≤0.001). Patients treated with BMT spent more time with extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) (IS 0 years, BMT 0.96, p<0.023) and in CR without drugs (IS 1.22 years, BMT 2.43, p=0.056). In conclusion, survival, event-free survival, and Q-TWiST are similar. BMT-treated patients had longer periods free from symptoms, while IS-treated patients needed closer medical care, transfusion support, and medication

Reconstruction of missing daily streamflow data using dynamic regression models

International audienceRiver discharge is one of the most important quantities in hydrology. It provides fundamentalrecords for water resources management and climate change monitoring. Even very short data-gaps in thisinformation can cause extremely different analysis outputs. Therefore, reconstructing missing data ofincomplete data sets is an important step regarding the performance of the environmental models, engineering,and research applications, thus it presents a great challenge. The objective of this paper is to introducean effective technique for reconstructing missing daily discharge data when one has access to onlydaily streamflow data. The proposed procedure uses a combination of regression and autoregressive integratedmoving average models (ARIMA) called dynamic regression model. This model uses the linear relationshipbetween neighbor and correlated stations and then adjusts the residual term by fitting an ARIMAstructure. Application of the model to eight daily streamflow data for the Durance river watershed showedthat the model yields reliable estimates for the missing data in the time series. Simulation studies were alsoconducted to evaluate the performance of the procedure

On nonparametric techniques for analyzing nonstationary signals

Dans l analyse des signaux d origine naturelle, nous sommes souvent confrontés à des situations où nous ne savons pas si un changement s est produit, ni où le possible point de changement peut être localisé. Cependant, diverses méthodes en traitement du signal reposent implicitement sur une hypothèse de stationnarité, car le cas stationnaire est bien défini dans une perspective théorique. D un autre côté, tous les processus du monde réel sont a priori non-stationnaires et, dans la majorité des cas, cette supposition se révèle vraie. Etant donné qu il existe de nombreuses façons par lesquelles la propriété de stationnarité peut être enfreinte, différents tests de stationnarité ont été développés pour tester les différentes formes de non-stationnarité. Cette thèse se concentre sur la conception et l amélioration des techniques qui peuvent être appliquées aux signaux environnementaux, plus spécifiquement, les signaux hydrométéorologiques. Les techniques qui ont été développées présentent certaines caractéristiques qui sont préférables pour tester les données environnementales (i.e. être non-parametrique, être capable d extraire automatiquement les informations des données disponibles, être capable d identifier un changement dans les moments statistiques du premier et du second ordre). Dans cette thèse, le test de stationnarité et la détection de point de changement ont été abordés séparément: les tests de stationnarité rejettent la stationnarité de tout l intervalle d observation, tandis que pour détecter les points de changement, nous testons les signaux pour les quels la stationnarité a déjà été rejetée. Dans cette thèse, de nombreuses contributions et de nouvelles approches de ces sujets sont proposées. La dernière partie de la thèse consiste à appliquer toutes les approaches développées sur des données environnementales. Les données ont été générées par le Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM), un modéle très réaliste qui prend en compte de nombreuses interactions physiques complexes.La cohérence des résultats obtenus confirme le potentiel des approches proposées au regard des approches concurrentes.In the analysis of the signals of natural origin, we are often confronted with situations where we do not know if a change occurred, or where the possible point of change can be located(localized). However, diverse methods in signal processing rest(base) implicitly on a hypothesis of stationarity, because the still case is defined well in a theoretical prospect(perspective). On the other hand, all the processes of the real world are a priori non-still and, in the majority of the cases, this supposition shows itself true. Given that there are numerous manners by which the property of stationarity can be broken, various tests of stationarity were developed to test the various forms of non-stationarity. This thesis(theory) concentrates on the conception(design)SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Comprehensive space-time hydrometeorological simulations for estimating very rare floods at multiple sites in a large river basin

Estimates for rare to very rare floods are limited by the relatively short streamflow records available. Often, pragmatic conversion factors are used to quantify such events based on extrapolated observations, or simplifying assumptions are made about extreme precipitation and resulting flood peaks. Continuous simulation (CS) is an alternative approach that better links flood estimation with physical processes and avoids assumptions about antecedent conditions. However, long-term CS has hardly been implemented to estimate rare floods (i.e. return periods considerably larger than 100 years) at multiple sites in a large river basin to date. Here we explore the feasibility and reliability of the CS approach for 19 sites in the Aare River basin in Switzerland (area: 17 700 km2) with exceedingly long simulations in a hydrometeorological model chain. The chain starts with a multi-site stochastic weather generator used to generate 30 realizations of hourly precipitation and temperature scenarios of 10 000 years each. These realizations were then run through a bucket-type hydrological model for 80 sub-catchments and finally routed downstream with a simplified representation of main river channels, major lakes and relevant floodplains in a hydrologic routing system. Comprehensive evaluation over different temporal and spatial scales showed that the main features of the meteorological and hydrological observations are well represented and that meaningful information on low-probability floods can be inferred. Although uncertainties are still considerable, the explicit consideration of important processes of flood generation and routing (snow accumulation, snowmelt, soil moisture storage, bank overflow, lake and floodplain retention) is a substantial advantage. The approach allows for comprehensively exploring possible but unobserved spatial and temporal patterns of hydrometeorological behaviour. This is of particular value in a large river basin where the complex interaction of flows from individual tributaries and lake regulations are typically not well represented in the streamflow observations. The framework is also suitable for estimating more frequent floods, as often required in engineering and hazard mapping

Comprehensive space–time hydrometeorological simulations for estimating very rare floods at multiple sites in a large river basin

Estimates for rare to very rare floods are limited by the relatively short streamflow records available. Often, pragmatic conversion factors are used to quantify such events based on extrapolated observations, or simplifying assumptions are made about extreme precipitation and resulting flood peaks. Continuous simulation (CS) is an alternative approach that better links flood estimation with physical processes and avoids assumptions about antecedent conditions. However, long-term CS has hardly been implemented to estimate rare floods (i.e. return periods considerably larger than 100 years) at multiple sites in a large river basin to date. Here we explore the feasibility and reliability of the CS approach for 19 sites in the Aare River basin in Switzerland (area: 17 700 km2) with exceedingly long simulations in a hydrometeorological model chain. The chain starts with a multi-site stochastic weather generator used to generate 30 realizations of hourly precipitation and temperature scenarios of 10 000 years each. These realizations were then run through a bucket-type hydrological model for 80 sub-catchments and finally routed downstream with a simplified representation of main river channels, major lakes and relevant floodplains in a hydrologic routing system. Comprehensive evaluation over different temporal and spatial scales showed that the main features of the meteorological and hydrological observations are well represented and that meaningful information on low-probability floods can be inferred. Although uncertainties are still considerable, the explicit consideration of important processes of flood generation and routing (snow accumulation, snowmelt, soil moisture storage, bank overflow, lake and floodplain retention) is a substantial advantage. The approach allows for comprehensively exploring possible but unobserved spatial and temporal patterns of hydrometeorological behaviour. This is of particular value in a large river basin where the complex interaction of flows from individual tributaries and lake regulations are typically not well represented in the streamflow observations. The framework is also suitable for estimating more frequent floods, as often required in engineering and hazard mapping