Optimization of Reaction Conditions in the Production of Gadolinium Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetate-Folate

A previous study has performed the laboratory-scale synthesis and characterization of Gadolinium Diethylenetriaminepentaacetate-Folate. Some parameters associated with the synthesis have been defined. In current study was focused on establishment the parameters for scaling up the production of Gadolinium Diethylenetriaminepentaacetate-Folate as a targeted MRI contrast agent. For the purpose of subsequent scaling up the synthesis, the parameters particularly those determining the yield of the reaction product should be established. This report presents the use of The Placket Burman Design and the Response Surface Methodology in establishing the parameters. Thus, following the Placket Burman Design, a number of synthesis reactions were carried out, each with different reaction conditions, with respect to parameters to include: mole ratio of reactants (i.e mole of Gd3+ to DTPA-Folate), time of reaction, temperature, stirring rate, pH and solvent volume. Using this method, a conclusion could be drawn that the three factors were found to be significant. To get final conclusions on the optimal synthesis reaction conditions, the Response Surface Methodology was then applied. For this purpose, again, some synthesis reactions experiments were performed. These were done, in accordance to the Response Surface Methodology, verified by analysis of countour plots, helped to locate the optimal value of the factors. The resulted data showed that for optimal yield of the synthesis reaction there were three dominant parameters. They were mole ratio of reactants, stirring rate process, and the volume of water

Fleksibilitas Interior Unit Hunian Pada Rumah Susun Di Kota Malang

Hunian vertikal urban sebagai solusi pemecahan masalah kependudukan di perkotaan, memiliki permasalahan dalam Kenyamanan tinggal sebagai wadah beraktivitas di tengah keterbatasan ruang. Fleksibilitas interior pada unit hunian dalam studi kasus di Rumah Susun Sederhana Milik, Kedungkandang Kota Malang ini merupakan salah satu inovasi dalam mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Fleksibilitas interior merupakan sebuah upaya optimalisasi dan efektifitas ruang di tengah keterbatasan ruang pada unit hunian sebagai wadah beraktivitas penghuninya. Metode yang dilakukan dalam kajian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan programatik berdasarkan acuan teori-teori sebagai dasar analisis. Fleksibilitas ruang dikaji menurut teori Carmona dengan tiga kriteria aspek temporal dimension. Time cycle and management dimana ruang dikembalikan hakikatnya sebagai wadah beraktivitas yang sifatnya dinamis, dapat berubah-ubah sesuai kebutuhan rutinitas aktivitas didalamnya. Continuity and stability dimana Perubahan ruang masih optimal pada reaksi terhadap lingkungannya yang mempengaruhi Kenyamanan penghuninya juga. Serta implemented overtime dimana Perubahan ditelaah dalam jangka yang lebih panjang menyangkut kemungkinan pertumbuhan jumlah penghuni serta aspek teknis elemen ruang

The Helicobacter pylori Genome Project : insights into H. pylori population structure from analysis of a worldwide collection of complete genomes

Helicobacter pylori, a dominant member of the gastric microbiota, shares co-evolutionary history with humans. This has led to the development of genetically distinct H. pylori subpopulations associated with the geographic origin of the host and with differential gastric disease risk. Here, we provide insights into H. pylori population structure as a part of the Helicobacter pylori Genome Project (HpGP), a multi-disciplinary initiative aimed at elucidating H. pylori pathogenesis and identifying new therapeutic targets. We collected 1011 well-characterized clinical strains from 50 countries and generated high-quality genome sequences. We analysed core genome diversity and population structure of the HpGP dataset and 255 worldwide reference genomes to outline the ancestral contribution to Eurasian, African, and American populations. We found evidence of substantial contribution of population hpNorthAsia and subpopulation hspUral in Northern European H. pylori. The genomes of H. pylori isolated from northern and southern Indigenous Americans differed in that bacteria isolated in northern Indigenous communities were more similar to North Asian H. pylori while the southern had higher relatedness to hpEastAsia. Notably, we also found a highly clonal yet geographically dispersed North American subpopulation, which is negative for the cag pathogenicity island, and present in 7% of sequenced US genomes. We expect the HpGP dataset and the corresponding strains to become a major asset for H. pylori genomics

Pemanfaatan Sari Tebu (Saccharum Officinarum) Dalam Menghasilkan Bioetanol Melalui Proses Fermentasi

Energi Baru Terbarukan (EBT) menjadi solusi untuk mengatasi permasalahan konsumsi energi yang semakin meningkat. Salah satu alternatif sebagai substitusi bahan bakar minyak adalah bioetanol. Sari tebu adalah cairan berwana coklat kehijauan hasil penggilingan batang tebu dan berpotensi menjadi bahan baku pembuatan etanol biofuel. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan variasi nutrient dan yeast Saccharomyches cerevisiae terhadap produksi etanol dari sari tebu melalui proses fermentasi dan untuk mengetahui kadar etanol optimum dalam produksi etanol dengan penambahan variasi nutrient dan yeast Saccharomyches cerevisiae. Prosedur pembuatan bioetanol dengan bahan baku sari tebu dimulai dengan hidrolisis menggunakan HCL 1N, lalu fermentasi gula reduksi menjadi bioetanol dengan menambahkan berbagai variasi nutrient dan yeast Saccharomyches cerevisiae. Selanjutnya untuk pemurnian bioetanol dilakukan proses distilasi pada suhu 78-80°C selama 8 jam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan adanya variasi penambahan nutrient dan yeast Saccharomyches cerevisiae memiliki dampak yang kurang signifikan terhadap kadar etanol. Sedangkan untuk kadar etanol optimum pada proses fermentasi 3 hari dicapai dengan menggunakan penambahan 0,5% Nutrient + 0,2%Yeast yaitu sebesar 10,46%. DOI : https://doi.org/10.33005/jurnal_tekkim.v16i2.304

Severity of acute Zika virus infection: A prospective emergency room surveillance study during the 2015–2016 outbreak in Suriname

textabstractAcute Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is usually mild and self-limiting. Earlier, we reported three cases of fatal acute ZIKV infection in patients without typical signs of ZIKV, but rather with criteria of systemic inflammation response syndrome (SIRS). To follow up these observations, we prospectively included patients at the emergency room with temperature instability and suspected to have acute ZIKV infection, SIRS, or both. A total of 102 patients were included of whom N = 21 (21%) were suspected of acute ZIKV infection, N = 56 (55%) of acute ZIKV infection with SIRS criteria, and N = 25 (24%) of SIRS alone. ZIKV-PCR was positive in N = 21 (20%) patients. Eight (38%) ZIKV-positive patients needed admission to the hospital of whom four (50%) presented with SIRS alone. One ZIKV-positive patient had vascular co-morbidity and died following shock and severe coagulopathy. We confirm the hypothesis that acute ZIKV infection can present atypical and severely with systemic inflammation and have lethal course particularly amongst patients with significant prior disease