Arabic loanwords in Tatar and Swahili: Morphological assimilation

© the author(s). This article deals with the analysis of the morphological assimilation of Arabic loanwords into Tatar, Altai language family, and Swahili, Bantu language family. The urgency of this review is caused by the fact that the formation of both Tatar and Swahili was influenced by Arabic, which had profoundly influenced them in religious, scientific, cultural and economic aspects. In this paper we apply the comparative approach that is aimed at finding isomorphic and allomorphic features in the languages studied and identifying their peculiarities in the process of Arabic vocabulary assimilation. The morphological assimilation of Arabic loanwords into these languages is realized by verbal nouns, participles, nouns denoting place and action. One of the isomorphic features of the recipient languages is the absence of the category of gender both in Tatar and Swahili; among the allomorphic peculiarities are postposition of adjectives after nouns in Swahili and the use of compound verbs with Arabic nouns as their stems in Tatar. The results of the research will contribute to the loanword studies in these unrelated languages

The formation of paroemiology in Russia and Germany

The article ascertains the sources of paroemiology-an independent philological discipline which studies paroemiological units (proverbs, sayings, country lore, riddles, etc.). The question of whether it is lawful to consider paroemiology an independent field of philology became topical due to the fact that many new investigations of proverbs, sayings and set phrases appear. The article contains a review of literature about Russian and German paroemiology and paroemiography. Besides, the authors ground the independence of paroemiological level, define paroemia and describe main approaches to studying paroemiae. © IDOSI Publications, 2014

The history of teaching of African languages in Russia

© Serials Publications. The article highlights the history of studying of African languages in Russia, since the late 18th century to the present day, including the basic information about the staff, educational institutions, scientific and educational publications on Africa. The main centers of African studies previously were in Saint Petersburg and Moscow, as well as in Kharkow and Kazan universities. Nowadays Kazan Federal University is becoming the third center in Russia were African languages are taught. This article also highlights a problem of lack of modern researches on African languages issue and teaching books of these languages taking into consideration that Russia today has its own interests in East, West and South African regions, and at the same time is experiencing staff shortage for specialists with knowledge of various African languages. The article presents changes in approaches regarding the study of African culture and its problems in modern Russia, and shows the need to create a new attitude in organizing of teaching of African languages: opening new centers of African studies all over Russia, not only in Moscow and Saint Petersburg, taking into account growing relations between Russian regions and African countries. The materials of the article may be useful in preparing of new materials and methods for teaching the African languages, as well as in the development of training courses in various aspects of African life: "Literature of African peoples", "African Culture" etc. which need the knowledge of African languages

The evaluativity category in the paroemiological system of the German and Russian languages

This paper represents the results of analysis of the lexico-grammar means of explicit expression of the / negative evaluative (attitudinal) meanings in the paroemiological system of the Russian and German languages. The materials of the research contain analysis of the main types of axiological meanings that may be reduced to general evaluative and specific evaluative ones. The structure of the evaluative situation is described that includes such components as subject of evaluation, object of evaluation, predicate of evaluation, basis for evaluation, motive of evaluation, type of evaluation. The characteristic of the cognitive procedure of evaluation is provided. The performed analysis of the Russian and German folk sayings allowed specifying both the variety of similarities in the evaluative fragment of the linguistic world-image of the languages compared and distinguishing some specific features of representation of the evaluative semantics explicated in the language of paroemias. The adjectives good, fruitful, nice, bad, heavy, lean, hungry characterizing the noun year may serve as lexical means of expression of evaluative meaning. In the German paroemias the similar evaluative qualifiers implementing the axiological characteristics of year are recorded: gut 'good', fruchtbar 'fruitful'. It was discovered that the yield acts as the axiological dominant by characterization of the year in general in both languages which is expressed in the high frequency of occurrence of the adjectives fruitful / fruchtbar. There were identified the language patterns that are peculiar exclusively to the Russian paroemiological system: the structure "to + N3" or the 'the dative of prediction' and the structure 'on + N4' or the 'accusative of prediction'. It was found that the use of the lexical means of explication of the negative general evaluative area due to the action of the principle of politeness is rare both in the Russian and German languages

Human and animal cells adhesion on the modified glass

2D matrix for cells cultivation has been created using ionic plasma processing of silicate glass. We have shown that the CD-I mouse hepatocytes are adsorbed on the modified and the control glass after 24 h cultivation. Number of these cells on the modified glass was 2.8-0.2 more as compared with that in control on a smooth glass. Human fibroblasts adsorbed on a modofied glass matrix had normal configuration and their number was 1.5 ± 0.5 times greater that the number of cells in the control of smooth glass matrix

Nanoparticles based on gadolinium(iii) and europium(iii) complexes for biovisualization

© 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.Complexes Ln(TTA)3 and [Ln(TTA)3·1] (Ln = Eu, Gd; ТТА is thenoyltrifluoroacetyl-acetonate; 1 is 2-(5-chlorophenylene-2-hydroxy)-2-phenylethylene-bis(2-methoxy)phosphine oxide) in individual form, and as a part of a core of the polyelectrolyte stabilized colloids have been studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The photophysical and colloidal characteristics of the solutions of polyelectrolyte nanoparticles were studied in water, artificial cerebrospinal fluid solution, solution of bovine serum albumin, and human blood serum. A stability of a luminescent response of the nanoparticles in solutions of bovine serum albumin and human blood serum at 37 °С for 2 hours has been revealed. This is a prerequisite for the potential application of studied nanoparticles for biovisualization

Assessing the impact of high environmental temperatures on the frequency and structural characteristics of violations of traffic rules

In the hot season, there is a positive relationship between the number of accidents per thousand registered vehicles and air temperature, due to the fact that high temperatures and solar activity can have a significant negative impact on the condition of drivers. As a rule, the creation of an emergency is preceded by a violation of traffic rules. Therefore, the identification of the type and number of violations committed by drivers at high ambient temperatures is relevant. The purpose of the work is to assess the impact of high ambient temperatures on the structure and frequency of traffic violations. Based on a literature review, the article states that at present there is no methodology for assessing the impact of high ambient temperatures on the characteristics of traffic violations. As an information platform, data from the Wialon — GPS/Glonass system are used, which allow you to objectively assess the characteristics of driving activity and the number of traffic violations. The work uses methods of mathematical statistics. The main result of the work, which constitutes the scientific novelty of the study, is the revealed increasing dependence of the total number of traffic violations on the average monthly ambient temperature. The structure of such violations is determined. The most significant, based on the impact on the accident rate, violations are: exceeding the speed limit and abrupt and dangerous maneuvers. It has been found that the total number of violations of the rules increases during periods with high ambient temperatures by 94% compared to months with moderate temperatures. The largest number of violations consists in exceeding the speed limit — 97.8% of their total number. The practical significance of the work consists in obtaining objective information about accidents at high ambient temperatures, on the basis of which it becomes possible to develop organizational and technological measures aimed at improving road safety. The areas of further research are related to the creation of an information platform for theoretical and methodological tools aimed at preventing high accidents of road transport in the hot season

GENETIC POLYMORPHISM OF INFLAMMATORY FACTORS IS ASSOCIATED WITH THROMBOEMBOLIC COMPLICATIONS OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

Aim. To reveal the association of hereditary specifics of inflammatory factors with the adverse risk in atrial fibrillation (AF).Material and methods. Totally 258 patients studied (68,5±0,67 y. o.) with nonvalvular AF, recording the events as ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, venous and arterial thromboembolism. Mean follow-up was 455±11,71 days.Results. Factors that are independently associated with ischemic stroke development in patients not receiving anticoagulants (n=101), were the allele C of polymorphic marker rs2228145(А/С) of gene IL-6 receptor (OR 13,25 CI 1,57112,18, р=0,018), age ?75 y. o. (OR 1,1, CI 1,008-1,2, р=0,032) and EF LV (OR 0,97 CI 0,94-0,99 р=0,027), with a “thrombotic endpoint” development — DM (OR 4,3 CI 1,46-12,45 р=0,008), EF LV (OR 0,96 CI 0,94-0,98, р<0,0001) and carriage of allele C of polymorphic marker rs2228145(А/С) of receptor to IL-6 gene (OR 4,03 CI 1,0715,26, р=0,04). There was no association with adverse outcomes in genes IL-6 polymorphisms as (G(-174)C and G(-572)C), ИЛ-10 (C(-819)T), ФНО (G(-238)A, G(-308)A and ФНО? rs180630). In those receiving adequate anticoagulant therapy (n=157) there was no significant association of IL-6 receptor gene polymorphism with adverse outcomes.Conclusion. Therefore, the carriage of allele C of polymorphic marker rs2228145(А/С) of the IL-6 receptor gene might be an independent risk marker for adverse outcome in non-valvular AF, potentially, being a selection tool for those patients not having enough high risk according to common scores

Cellulose Nanocrystal-Templated Tin Dioxide Thin Films for Gas Sensing.

Porous tin dioxide is an important low-cost semiconductor applied in electronics, gas sensors, and biosensors. Here, we present a versatile template-assisted synthesis of nanostructured tin dioxide thin films using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). We demonstrate that the structural features of CNC-templated tin dioxide films strongly depend on the precursor composition. The precursor properties were studied by using low-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of tin tetrachloride in solution. We demonstrate that it is possible to optimize the precursor conditions to obtain homogeneous precursor mixtures and therefore highly porous thin films with pore dimensions in the range of 10-20 nm (ABET = 46-64 m2 g-1, measured on powder). Finally, by exploiting the high surface area of the material, we developed a resistive gas sensor based on CNC-templated tin dioxide. The sensor shows high sensitivity to carbon monoxide (CO) in ppm concentrations and low cross-sensitivity to humidity. Most importantly, the sensing kinetics are remarkably fast; both the response to the analyte gas and the signal decay after gas exposure occur within a few seconds, faster than in standard SnO2-based CO sensors. This is attributed to the high gas accessibility of the very thin porous film