'Unfit for human consumption': a study of the contamination of formula milk fed to young children in East Java, Indonesia.

To examine levels of bacterial contamination in formula feeding bottles in Sidoarjo, East Java, and to assess the preparation practices that may have been responsible. Cross-sectional study. We randomly selected 92 households with children under the age of two who were bottle-fed formula. In each household we carried out video observation of mothers/caregivers preparing bottles, and examined samples of formula for coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli (E. coli). In-depth interviews were conducted with a sub-sample of 20 mothers. 88% of the formula feeds were contaminated with total coliforms at a level >10 MPN/ml, and 45% contained E. coli. These feeds were defined as 'unfit for human consumption'. In the video observations, none of the mothers complied with all five WHO-recommended measures of hygienic formula feed preparation. Only two mothers washed their hands with soap prior to formula preparation. Most mothers also failed to clean or sterilise the bottle and clean the preparation area. In-depth interviews confirmed that such suboptimal hygiene practices were common. The high levels of contamination found highlight that bottles are an important faecal-oral exposure pathway resulting from poor hygiene practices during bottle preparation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Usia Pubertas Dan Menarche Terhadap Tinggi Badan Mahasiswa Kebidanan

Data Riskesdas tahun 2013 menunjukkan adanya peningkatan prevalensi pendek (stunting) pada remaja usia 16-18 tahun. Pertumbuhan tinggi badan akan mengalami kenaikan kecepatan pertumbuhan pada saat pubertas dan berakhir saat terjadinya menarche. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan antara usia pubertas dan usia menarche dengan tinggi badan mahasiswa bidan Universitas Airlangga. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah observasional analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional study. Subjek penelitian ini adalah seluruh mahasiswa S1 Pendidikan Bidan Universitas Airlangga yang berusia kurang dari atau sama dengan 20 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan total sampling dan uji statistik Mann Whitney. Hasil penelitian diperoleh 102 mahasiswa dengan rata-rata usia 18,8 tahun (SD±0,64), tidak ada perbedaan bermakna usia pubertas (p=0,643) dan usia menarche (p=0,198) dengan tinggi badan. Kesimpulan penelitian tidak ada hubungan antara usia pubertas dan usia menarche dengan tinggi badan mahasiswa bidan Universitas Airlangga