Atividade moluscicida e larvicida das partes aéreas de Atriplex inflata contra o molusco Galba truncatula, hospedeiro intermediário da Fasciola hepatica

Fasciolose é uma parasitose generalizada que ocorre em animais de fazendas em muitos países em desenvolvimento. Por esta razão, é necessária a busca de novas substâncias contra as doenças parasitárias causadas por vermes. De fato, uma grande variedade de plantas terrestres foi objeto de testes farmacológicos e químicos a fim de descobrir o seu potencial para utilização em terapêutica humana. As atividades moluscicida e larvicida de Atriplex inflata foram testadas contra estágios larvários de Galba truncatula e Fasciola hepatica infectando este caracol na Tunísia. Testes fitoquímicos foram realizados com extratos a fim de estabelecer uma relação significativa com as atividades moluscicida e larvicida. A atividade moluscicida foi avaliada submetendo os caracóis a soluções aquosas. Conforme o caso, hexano, acetato de etilo, metanol e metanol-água (8:2, v-v) foram utilizados como solventes de extração. Como resultado, hexano e extratos de acetato apresentaram atividades potentes de acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde, resultando em LC50 = 7,59 mg/L e 6,69 mg/L para extratos de hexano de folhas e frutos, respectivamente. Extratos de acetato de etilo resultaram em LC50 = 5,90 mg/L e 7,32 mg/L para as folhas e frutos sucessivamente. Atividades moluscicidas das substâncias sob a forma de pó foram menos potentes em caracóis, mas ativas de acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde. Hexano e extratos de acetato de folhas e frutos apresentaram atividade larvicida potente, com uma taxa de atraso superior a 45,50% (45,50-98,92%). Testes fitoquímicos mostraram que estas atividades podem ser atribuídas à presença de triterpenóides e/ou esteróis.Fasciolosis is a widespread parasitosis of farm live-stock in many developing countries. For this reason, it is necessary to search for new substances against parasitic diseases caused by flukes. Indeed, a wide variety of terrestrial plants have been subjected to chemical and pharmacological screening in order to discover their potential for human medicinal use. The molluscicidal and larvicidal activities of Atriplex inflata were tested on Galba truncatula and Fasciola hepatica larval stages infecting this snail in Tunisia. Phytochemical tests were conducted on extracts in order to establish a meaningful relationship with molluscicidal and larvicidal activities. The molluscicidal activity was evaluated by subjecting snails to sample aqueous solutions. Accordingly, hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and methanol-water (8:2, v-v) were used as extraction solvents. As a result, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts showed potent activity, according to the World Health Organization, giving LC50 = 7.59 mg/L and 6.69 mg/L for hexane extracts of leaves and fruits, respectively. Ethyl acetate extracts gave LC50 = 5.90 mg/L and 7.32 mg/L for leaves and fruits, successively. Molluscicidal activities of powders were less potent on snails, but active according to the World Health Organization. Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts from leaves and fruits gave potent larvicidal activities with a delay rate exceeding 45.50% (45.50- 98.92%). Phytochemical tests showed that these activities may be attributed to the presence of triterpenoids and/or sterols

Particularites de l’epilepsie au cours des maladies inflammatoires du systeme nerveux central

Introduction : Les crises épileptiques (CE) font partie des manifestations neurologiques des maladies inflammatoires (MI). Elles constituent un tournant évolutif grave de la maladie. Objectifs : Nous avons évalué les particularités sémiologiques, électriques, radiologiques, thérapeutiques et évolutives de l’épilepsie au cours des MI du système nerveux central (SNC). Nous avons également discuté les mécanismes physiopathologiques de l’épilepsie ainsi que les facteurs prédictifs de survenue de CE chez ces patients. Méthodes : C’est une étude rétrospective incluant les patients suivis pour épilepsie dans le cadre d’une MI du SNC. Tous nos patients ont bénéficié d’une imagerie cérébrale. Résultat : Nous avons colligé 32 patients (11 avec sclérose en plaque, 6 avec maladie de Behcet et 15 avec lupus érythémateux disséminé). Le délai des CE au cours des MI était de 3,2 ans. Elles étaient généralisées dans 62,5 % des cas. L’IRM a montré des lésions sous corticales et des lésions du tronc cérébral respectivement dans 71,8 % et 25% des cas. Une thrombose veineuse cérébrale était diagnostiquée chez 3 malades. L’EEG a objectivé des ondes lentes dans 34% des cas, et des anomalies paroxystiques chez 3 patients. Le phénobarbital était le traitement le plus prescrit. Le contrôle des CE était obtenu dans la majorité des cas. Conclusion : La survenue des CE au cours des MI pose un problème de prise en charge. Un diagnostic précoce et un traitement de l’épilepsie permettent de contrôler ces crises afin d’éviter les états de mal épileptiques qui mettent en jeu le pronostic vital des patients. Mots clés: Epilepsie, Facteurs de risque, Maladies inflammatoires  Particularities of epilepsy associated with inflammatory diseases of the central nervous systemIntroduction: The frequency of the central nervous system involvement in autoimmune disorders is very variable. Seizures are among the most common neurological manifestations, and can be occasionally the presenting symptom.Methods: All files of 32 patients with autoimmune disorder diagnosed with epilepsy were evaluated retrospectively (11 with multiple sclerosis, 6 with Behcet disease, and 15 systemic lupus erythematosus). The demographic data, clinical findings including seizures, EEG and neuroimaging findings were reviewed. Results: The sex ratio was 0.45 (10H / 22F). Seizures started 3.2 years after the onset of the inflammatory diseases. They were during either the first or following neurological attacks in 68.7% of cases. 20 patients (62,5%) had only generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to all patients. Sub-cortical and brainstem lesions were identified respectively in 71,8 % and 25%. MRI revealed cerebral sinus thrombosis in three patients. The EEG revealed focal epileptiform discharges in three patients. In 12 patients (34%) slow waves were seen. Antiepileptic drugs were prescribed in all cases (phenobarbital :53%, valproic acid: 31%, Carbamazepine: 15%). A sufficient control of seizures was obtained in most cases. Conclusion: Seizures often complicate systemic autoimmune disorders through a variety of mechanisms. A better understanding of the mechanisms of epileptogenesis in those patients could lead to targeted treatments and better outcomes. Key words: Epilepsy, inflammatory disease, risk factor

MOLLUSCICIDAL AND LARVICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF Atriplex inflata AERIAL PARTS AGAINST THE MOLLUSK Galba truncatula, INTERMEDIATE HOST OF Fasciola hepatica

Fasciolosis is a widespread parasitosis of farm live-stock in many developing countries. For this reason, it is necessary to search for new substances against parasitic diseases caused by flukes. Indeed, a wide variety of terrestrial plants have been subjected to chemical and pharmacological screening in order to discover their potential for human medicinal use. The molluscicidal and larvicidal activities of Atriplex inflata were tested on Galba truncatula and Fasciola hepatica larval stages infecting this snail in Tunisia. Phytochemical tests were conducted on extracts in order to establish a meaningful relationship with molluscicidal and larvicidal activities. The molluscicidal activity was evaluated by subjecting snails to sample aqueous solutions. Accordingly, hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and methanol-water (8:2, v-v) were used as extraction solvents. As a result, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts showed potent activity, according to the World Health Organization, giving LC50 = 7.59 mg/L and 6.69 mg/L for hexane extracts of leaves and fruits, respectively. Ethyl acetate extracts gave LC50 = 5.90 mg/L and 7.32 mg/L for leaves and fruits, successively. Molluscicidal activities of powders were less potent on snails, but active according to the World Health Organization. Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts from leaves and fruits gave potent larvicidal activities with a delay rate exceeding 45.50% (45.50- 98.92%). Phytochemical tests showed that these activities may be attributed to the presence of triterpenoids and/or sterols