Comparing the Causes of Infidelity in Marital Relationships among Men and Women: A Qualitative Research

Introduction: Today, the evidence and unofficial indications for disturbing society show the marital infidelity as one of the hidden social problems. In this study, the underlying factors of infidelity in marital relationships among women and men were identified and compared. Moreover, some basic guidelines and practical suggestions on preventing and reducing marital infidelity and strengthening the family relations were presented. Method: Using qualitative content analysis methodology, and according to the purposive sampling method and theoretical saturation criterion, 40 unfaithful married men and 32 unfaithful married women participated in the study. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Results: Through data analysis, 5 main themes were extracted. These themes consisted of “emotional and behavioral problems in marital relationships”, “sexual dissatisfaction”, “attitudes and individual characteristics”, “paternal family problems”, and “social factors”. Conclusion: Based on the study findings, although majority of male and female participants mentioned sexual dissatisfaction (low quantity and quality) and emotional dissatisfaction as the main reason for their unfaithfulness, respectively, the impact of other paternal family problems, social factors, and attitudes and individual characteristics must be also regarded. Keywords: Sexual Behavior, Family Relations, Extramarital Relations, Qualitative Evaluatio

Explaining the Unwillingness of the Homeless to Use Municipal Homeless Shelters in Tehran City, Iran: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Some citizens are deprived from shelter, which is one of the basic needs of human. In this study, some barriers for the homeless in the use of municipal homeless shelters in Tehran City, Iran, were studied and then on the basis of them, the guidelines and recommendations were presented. Method: This study was undertaken using qualitative content analysis methodology. According to the purposive sampling and theoretical saturation criterion, 20 homeless people who were reluctant to use the shelters, and 10 employees working in the shelters and municipal emergency social services were participated in this study. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Results: Through data analysis, 2 main themes were extracted, “escape framework and maintaining a distinct identity” (being free outside of the shelters, shelter use as an indication of weakness and antithetical to the conventions of the street life,…), and “dysfunctional shelter” (the unfavorable conditions in shelters, dissatisfaction of employees working in the shelters and lack of trust on them,...). Conclusion: The results showed that the homeless people in Tehran require planning and providing services and facilities based on the actual conditions, so that they can return to the social cycle; and only building a temporary shelter for them to stay at night, cannot be useful for these people. Keywords: Homeless persons, Emergency shelter, Municipalities, Qualitative researc

Effect of Irrigation Water on Water Productivity and Yield of Winter Wheat under Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation

Today, the use of subsurface drip irrigation systems for row crops such as wheat is increasing due to its higher productivity than other irrigation methods. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of irrigation water depth and displacement depths of subsurface drip irrigation lateral on winter wheat yield and water use efficiency in Sanandaj city. For this purpose, wheat crop (Pishgam cultivar) was cultivated in the fall of 2017 and an experiment was implemented in the form of split plot design based on a completely randomized block design in Sanandaj County. The main and sub plots of the present study included four levels of irrigation water (60, 80, 100, 120% of water requirement) and four lateral irrigation displacement depths (30, 40, and 50 cm) in three replications, respectively. The results showed that, the subsurface drip irrigation system had higher water productivity compared to the surface drip irrigation system. The results also showed that highest irrigation water use efficiency in treatment with lateral displacement depth of 40 cm and irrigation water depth equal 80% water requirement obtained

Evaluation of nano ceramic coating on radiographic defects of thin-walled AL4-4 aluminum alloy sand casting

Internal defects are among the problems in gravity casting of aluminum parts. The main internal volumetric defects are gas and shrinkage defects which form during solidification of the melt and drastically reduce the quality of the produced parts. These defects adversely affect the mechanical properties of thin walled castings parts. In this study, ceramic nanoparticles coatings were applied on the sand mold and the effect of mold coatings on the reduction of defects were investigated. X-ray radiography was used to detect defects in sand molds with ceramic nanoparticles coatings. For comparison, this test was performed on molds with micro-ceramic and graffiti coatings and uncoated sand mold. The results showed that the maximum amount of gas and shrinkage defects was observed in casting parts from AL4-1 alloy in uncoated molds. On the other hand, the minimum defects were found in molds coated with ceramic nanoparticles. It seems that the reduced defects in casting parts in molds coated with ceramic nanoparticles may be due to high thermal and chemical stability and higher heat transfer rate of the coating. These results can facilitate the production of high quality aluminum alloys parts using nanotechnology

Correlation between Certain Klotho Gene Polymorphisms and IGF-1 Levels of Colorectal Cancer Patients in Northern Iran

Background: Colorectal cancer susceptibility may correlate with the Klotho gene G-395A and C1818T polymorphisms. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between a Klotho single nucleotide polymorphism and IGF-1 with risk of colorectal cancer. Methods: This study enrolled 60 colorectal cancer patients and 60 age-matched healthy persons who referred to Razi Hospital, Rasht, and Northern Iran in September 2013. Patients enrolled under supervision of a gastro-intestinal specialist and according to the ethics right. G-395A and C1818T polymorphisms were genotyped with polymerase chain confronting two pair primer technology. IGF-1 and certain biochemistry analytes were assayed. Statistical analysis was used to compare appropriate relationships. Results: There were different base pair partitions for G395A and C1818T. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used to analyze the correlation of genotypes and haplotypes with colorectal cancer susceptibility. The AA (odds ratio: 1.437, 95% confidence interval: 0.596) and GA (odds ratio: 1.958, 95% confidence interval: 1.133- 3.385) genotypes of the G-395A polymorphisms showed a slight relationship to the risk of colorectal cancer. The A allele had a much higher frequency in the case group (31.2%) compared with the control group (17.6%). There was no significant relationship with the C1818T polymorphism between the case and control groups. Conclusion: The Klotho gene polymorphism did not significantly increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Therefore, these genotypes might not have a correlation with IGF-1

A comparative study on the efficacy of artesunate plus sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine versus artemether-lumefantrine in eastern Sudan

BACKGROUND: A combination of artesunate (AS) plus sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) as first-line and artemether-lumefantrine (AL) as second-line treatment are currently recommended against uncomplicated P. falciparum infection in Sudan. However, there is limited information on the efficacy of ACTs in the country and only one report of PCR-corrected results for AS/SP only. METHODS: The WHO protocol for the assessment of antimalarial drug efficacy for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria was employed. Artesunate plus sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (AS/SP) was compared to artemether-lumefantrine (AL) in a 28-day follow up. Samples that were classified as early treatment failure (ETF), late treatment failure (LCF) or late parasitological failure (LPF) were genotyped for msp-1 and msp-2 genes to differentiate recrudescence from reinfection. RESULTS: A total of 178 patients were screened and 160 met the enrollment criteria and were recruited to the study of which 157 (98.1%) completed the follow up and had an analysed treatment outcome. On the AS/SP arm, three (0.038%) patients were lost during the follow-up, two on day 1 and one on day 7, and 77 (96.3) completed the study, while all 80 (100%) patients completed the follow up in the AL arm. In the per protocol analysis for AS/SP the treatment outcome for patients who completed the follow-up were as follows: adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR); 84.4% ETF; 1.3%, LCF; 3.9%, (LPF); 10.4%. For the AL arm the out come was as follows, ACPR; 90%, ETF; 0%, LCF; 6.3% and LPF; 3.8%. However, when PCR-corrected, 6.5% (5/77) of patients treated with AS/SP maintained parasites from their primary infection, while (7/80) in the AL group maintained their initial parasite genotype. Therefore, PCR-corrected efficacy was 93.5% in the AS/SP treated group and for AL it was 91.3%. CONCLUSION: Both AS/SP and AL are highly effective for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in eastern Sudan. However, AS/SP appears to have a slightly higher efficacy than AL, this may be due to patient compliance with the repeated dose rather than drug efficacy

Ansätze und Erfahrungen der Präventions- und Deradikalisierungsarbeit

"Was wird in Deutschland getan, um die Radikalisierung von Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen in religiösen Extremismus zu verhindern? Wo sollte erfolgreiche Arbeit ansetzen? Der Report klärt über die Unterschiede von Prävention und Deradikalisierung auf und bietet eine Übersicht über existierende Projekte und Initiativen. Welche Erfahrungen gibt es und welche Schlüsse lassen sich für zukünftige Projekte ziehen? Handlungsempfehlungen für Forschung, Politik und pädagogische Praxis schließen den Report ab." (Autorenreferat)"Which steps are being taken to prevent the radicalization of teenagers and young adults into religious extremism? Where does effective prevention start? This report explains the differences between prevention and de-radicalization, offering an overview of the existing projects and initiatives. Which conclusions can be drawn from the experiences for future projects? The report offers concrete recommendations for research, politics and pedagogical practices." (author's abstract

Exploring Therapeutic Problems in Women with Multiple Sclerosis: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most important diseases of the nervous system. The incidence of this disease in women is about two to three times that of men. The main cause of this disease is not fully understood and there is no definitive treatment for it. The aim of this study was to identify the treatment problems in this group of patients. Method: In this qualitative study, content analysis method was used. Based on the purposive sampling method and theoretical saturation criterion, 23 patients with multiple sclerosis who referred to the Association for the Protection of Menthol Patients in Tehran, Iran, during the year 2014 participated in this study. Semi-structured interview method was used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. Results: Out of the interviews, 1100 codes were obtained in three stages of analysis. These codes fell into one category of treatment problems and five subcategories of "high cost of treatment", "lack of access to medicine", "neglecting patient's rights from doctors and medical personnel", "lack of adequate empathy from medical personnel", and "Complications of medications". Conclusion: Patients with multiple sclerosis are facing specific problems in the treatment of their illness, which require social attention and protection; they can be supported by appropriate insurance coverage and the provision of medicines, especially foreign drugs, at affordable and low-cost tariffs by the government and the community. A great contribution is needed to reduce the pain and suffering of this group of patients. Keywords: Qualitative research, Therapy, Multiple sclerosi

A Randomized Open-Label Trial of Artesunate- Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine with or without Primaquine for Elimination of Sub-Microscopic P. falciparum Parasitaemia and Gametocyte Carriage in Eastern Sudan

In areas of seasonal malaria transmission, treatment of asymptomatic carriers of malaria parasites, whose parasitaemia persists at low densities throughout the dry season, could be a useful strategy for malaria control. We carried out a randomized trial to compare two drug regimens for clearance of parasitaemia in order to identify the optimum regimen for use in mass drug administration in the dry season.A two-arm open-label randomized controlled trial was conducted during the dry season in an area of distinct seasonal malaria in two villages in Gedarif State in eastern Sudan. Participants were asymptomatic adults and children aged over 6 months, with low-density P. falciparum infection detected by PCR. Participants were randomized to receive artesunate/sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AS+SP) combination for three days with or without a dose of primaquine (PQ) on the fourth day. Parasitaemia detected by PCR on days 3, 7 and 14 after the start of treatment and gametocytes detected by RT-PCR on days 7 and 14 were then recorded. 104 individuals who had low density parasitaemia at screening were randomized and treated during the dry season. On day 7, 8.3% were positive by PCR in the AS+SP+PQ group and 6.5% in the AS+SP group (risk difference 1.8%, 95%CI -10.3% to +13.8%). At enrolment, 12% (12/100) were carrying gametocytes. This was reduced to 6.4% and 4.4% by day 14 (Risk difference 1.9% (95%CI -9.3% to +13.2%) in AS+SP+PQ and AS+SP groups, respectively.Addition of primaquine to artemisinin combination treatment did not improve elimination of parasitaemia and prevention of gametocyte carriage in carriers with low-density parasitaemia in the dry season.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00330902