Analysis of Droplet Train/Moving Substrate Interactions in Ink-Jetting Processes

Ink-jetting technology has been applied to several processes in solid free-form fabrication (SFF) wherein droplets impinge onto a substrate to deposit the build material. Droplet impact behaviour on a surface has been the interest of many researchers; however, few studies have been undertaken to investigate the interaction of droplets with the moving substrate. This paper reports the impact behaviour of the droplets jetted at different frequencies onto a substrate moving over a range of velocities. The phenomena associated with the interaction were classified into three main regimes.Mechanical Engineerin

The effect of endurance training on left ventricle serum response factor gene expression in Wistar male rats

زمینه و هدف: فعالیت استقامتی موجب تجدید ساختار قلب می‌شود و بیان بسیاری از ژن‌‌ها را القاء می کند، ضمن اینکه فاکتور رونویسی(Serum Response Factor= SRF) نقش مهمی در تجدید ساختار قلب در سطح سلولی بازی می‌کند، هدف این پژوهش بررسی اثر تمرینات استقامتی بر بیان ژن فاکتور پاسخ سرم (srf) بطن چپ موش‌های صحرایی نر نژاد ویستار بود. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی 14 سر موش صحرایی نر نژاد ویستار، بعد از آشناسازی با پروتکل تمرینی به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه شاهد و تجربی تقسیم شدند. گروه تجربی یک برنامه (14 هفته‌ای) استقامتی را روی نوارگردان اجرا کرد و سپس 48 ساعت پس از پایان آخرین جلسه تمرینی بی‌هوش و تشریح شدند، سپس قلب و بطن چپ آن ها خارج و با استفاده از روشReal time PCR میزان بیان ژن srf قلب آن ها اندازه‌گیری شد. با استفاده از آزمون آماری t، اطلاعات به دست آمده تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها: شاخص‌های ارزیابی هایپرتروفی نشان داد که نسبت وزن بطن چپ به وزن بدن گروه تجربی (18/0±3/2) در مقایسه با گروه کنترل (12/0±049/2) بیشتر بود (05/0>P). نسبت وزن بطن چپ به سطح رویه بدن در گروه تجربی (008/0±168/0) در مقایسه با گروه کنترل (006/0±153/0) بیشتر بود (01/0>P). میانگین بیان ژن srf بطن چپ گروه تجربی به طور معنی ‌داری بیشتر از گروه کنترل بود (006/0P=). نتیجه‌گیری: تمرین استقامتی موجب افزایش هایپرتروفی و بیان ژن srf در بطن چپ موش‌های صحرایی تمرین کرده می‌شود که با توجه به نقش این ژن در تجدید ساختار قلب، به نظر می‌رسد افزایش آن نشانه‌ای از سازماندهی مجدد سارکومرهای قلب جهت سازگاری به تمرینات استقامتی است

Weak KAM for commuting Hamiltonians

For two commuting Tonelli Hamiltonians, we recover the commutation of the Lax-Oleinik semi-groups, a result of Barles and Tourin ([BT01]), using a direct geometrical method (Stoke's theorem). We also obtain a "generalization" of a theorem of Maderna ([Mad02]). More precisely, we prove that if the phase space is the cotangent of a compact manifold then the weak KAM solutions (or viscosity solutions of the critical stationary Hamilton-Jacobi equation) for G and for H are the same. As a corrolary we obtain the equality of the Aubry sets, of the Peierls barrier and of flat parts of Mather's $\alpha$ functions. This is also related to works of Sorrentino ([Sor09]) and Bernard ([Ber07b]).Comment: 23 pages, accepted for publication in NonLinearity (january 29th 2010). Minor corrections, fifth part added on Mather's $\alpha$ function (or effective Hamiltonian

Karyological study of the medicinal plant Papaver rhoeas from northwest of Iran

Karyotype and morphology of mitotic chromosomes in six populations of the medicinal plant Papaver rhoeas collected from various geographical locations of the northwest of Iran were studied. Chromosome characteristics were measured from 10 complete metaphase cells using micromeasure software. The results showed that P. rhoeas is a diploid species with 2n=2x=14 chromosomes. The karyotype consisted of seven pairs of submetacentric chromosomes with one pairs of SAT chromosome (chromosome 2) having a secondary constriction at the end of its short arm. Karyological characteristics of all the materials studied were similar to each other; however, there were some variations on chromosome arm ratios and relative lengths among the different populations. All of the populations are placed on 4A class of Stebbin’s asymmetry categories.Key words: Biodiversity, chromosome analysis, medicinal plants, Papaveraceae

The quality of life in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

We conducted a study to evaluate the quality of life in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy aged 8–18 years, compared with that in matched healthy controls. A total of 85 boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy aged 8–18 years and 136 age, sex and living place matched healthy controls were included in this study. Patients and one of their parents separately completed the 27-item Persian version of KIDSCREEN questionnaire (child and adolescent version and parent version). From the children's perspective, the quality of life in patients was found to be lower in two subclasses: “physical activities and health” (p < 0.001) and “friends” (p = 0.005). Parental estimation of their sick child's quality of life was significantly lower than children's own assessment in two subclasses: “physical activities and health” (p < 0.001) and “general mood and feelings” (p < 0.001). Our results indicate that boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy have quite a satisfactory quality of life. A happier and more hopeful life can be promoted through increasing social support and improving the parental knowledge regarding their child's more positive life perspective. © 2016 Elsevier B.V

Topological Entropy of Braids on the Torus

A fast method is presented for computing the topological entropy of braids on the torus. This work is motivated by the need to analyze large braids when studying two-dimensional flows via the braiding of a large number of particle trajectories. Our approach is a generalization of Moussafir's technique for braids on the sphere. Previous methods for computing topological entropies include the Bestvina--Handel train-track algorithm and matrix representations of the braid group. However, the Bestvina--Handel algorithm quickly becomes computationally intractable for large braid words, and matrix methods give only lower bounds, which are often poor for large braids. Our method is computationally fast and appears to give exponential convergence towards the exact entropy. As an illustration we apply our approach to the braiding of both periodic and aperiodic trajectories in the sine flow. The efficiency of the method allows us to explore how much extra information about flow entropy is encoded in the braid as the number of trajectories becomes large.Comment: 19 pages, 44 figures. SIAM journal styl

Periodic orbits of period 3 in the disc

Let f be an orientation preserving homeomorphism of the disc D2 which possesses a periodic point of period 3. Then either f is isotopic, relative the periodic orbit, to a homeomorphism g which is conjugate to a rotation by 2 pi /3 or 4 pi /3, or f has a periodic point of least period n for each n in N*.Comment: 7 page

Exploring the cyclic loads conditions on behavior of modified connector plate of steel frame CBF

One of the disadvantages of convergent steel frames, is loss of strength of this brace under cyclic loading. Studies in recent years show that in the event of changes in raw form Gusset plate sheet, and the creation of suitable geometry and as well as the type of consumable materials used for it; initial conditions can be provided to increase ductility and resulting increased in energy dissipation. Braces as earthquake resistant elements in different ways are applied to cope with lateral forces of earthquake. One important element of these systems is Gusset plate sheets which plays an important role in the transmission of lateral forces. The behavior of these members can be investigated under tensile and comprehensive loading uniform. The pressure behavior due to its complexity and more failure modes have been less studied. According to investigation conducted, the desired failure mode of Gusset plates under the pressure is surrendered. However, in most cases the connection sheet under pressure surrenders to bucking load and cannot be lodged with the brittle failure and the result does not show good ductility. In order to change the dominant failure mode and delaying bucking of stiffeners Gusset plate the stiffness and changes in their geometry are used. In this study, using Abacus software to evaluate the impact of changes in plate Gusset and the stiffeners edge of sheets have been examined. The results obtained indicate that the postponement of bucking curves in the modified connector plate and thereby improve behavior of connector plates under the pressure forces and also represents the high configurability of modified connector sheets. Keywords: Gusset Plate, Plasticity, Buckling, Brittle Failure