Technical Analysis of Influence of Special Treatment on Water Ballast Treatment by using Active Carbon on Vessel and Environment

Ballast water exchange is made by a vessel from one port to another port can cause a problem. The ballast water exchange can be harmful microorganisms that shifts will be a predator for the ecosystem of the intended recipients. To prevent this, IMO issued several rules regarding the disposal of water ballast, ballast water i.e. issued a ship must be in clean condition or there should be a treatment first before being dumped. Various alternative treatments ever used to be able to satisfy this rule. In this final task, developed one of the alternative treatment with using chemicals activated carbon with the object of study of ship cruise route with SINAR SUMBA Singapore – Surabaya and time planning is designed for12 hours. The selection of the method of test samples conducted in the laboratories chosen to know the applications the use of activated carbon to water ballasts of Surabaya and Singapore is in compliance with the specified standards. Then the next design planning systems or designs are suitable for use on the ship. From the results of the study showed that by using activated carbon- filtration, activated carbon the water turned out to be able to reduce the number of microorganisms such as E. Coli, Vibrio Cholerae, and Intestinal Enterococci in accordance with the IMO standards. Based on the results of the laboratory activated carbon filter design then the water ballast can be realized

Durability of Diesel Engine Using Biolubricant and the Effect on Performance

Environmental needs to reduce pollution caused by used lubricants from mineral oil encourage the development of biolubricant. One of the biolubricant raw materials from plants available in the environment is the castor plant (ricinus communis). The biggest composition in castor oil is ricinoleic acid which can be used in the manufacture of biolubricants. The purpose of this study was to study the physical properties of biolubricants from castor oil, to compare the properties of biolubricants and mineral lubricants after conducting a diesel engines durability test, and comparing performance between both lubricants during durability test. Experiment were carried out on the Dongfeng R180 diesel engine using Pertamina Dexlite fuel and mineral oil Pertamina Mesran B SAE 40 as a comparison. The results of biolubricant properties test (kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, flash point, and total alkali number) were obtained according to the flash point value not fulfilling the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation regarding standard. From properties between biolubricants and mineral lubricants after a 200-hour endurance test there is properties change in both lubricants. Increase the value of viscosity, total number of base, and  flash point because it contains water in the biolubricant causing oxidation. The iron content of the biolubricants after the endurance test is greater than mineral lubricants. However, the aluminum content in biolubricants is smaller when compared to biolubricants. From the performance test obtained SFOC which is produced when using mineral oil at peak torque is 3.1% lower than compared when using biolubricants. The average SFOC in the value condition when using biolubricants is 2.3% lower than using biolubricants. The average power when using mineral lubricants is 0.72% lower when compared to biolubricants and the resulting torque is 0.23% lower when compared to using biolubricants

The Effect of Blend Fuel Waste Plastic and Waste Cooking Oil on Diesel Engine Performance based on Simulation

Nowadays, polypropylene plastics are very often found and cause various environmental problems. Though it is known that along with polypropylene itself comes from propylene monomers obtained from refining petroleum. Besides the use of waste cooking, biodiesel fuel has many drawbacks, one of which is power and fuel consumption. Mixing polypropylene plastic waste for reuse with waste cooking oil biodiesel is an option. This study uses five variations of fuel, namely HSD, B30, C20, C30, and C40, a combination of HSD, waste cooking, and polypropylene. This research is based on experiments to analyze the impact of using these five variations of fuel on the performance diesel engines based on simulation. The performance of the diesel engine would be measured to SFOC, power, and torque produced by each fuel. Based on the results of the analysis of the performance of the diesel engine performance of C20, fuel can be the most optimum alternative fuel to the substitute B30, producing 6.0 kW of power, 238gr / kWh of SFOC, and 31.7Nm of torque.

BIOAVAILABILITY STUDY OF ONDANSETRON GEL IN RABBITS AND HUMAN VOLUNTEERS APPLING UPLC AS ANALYTICAL TOOL AND EVALUATION OF THE ANTIEMETIC EFFECT OF ONDANSETRON GEL IN CISPLATIN-INDUCED EMESIS IN RATS

Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the bioavailability of ondansetron gel in experimental animals and humans applying UPLC as an analytical tool and evaluation of the antiemetic effect of ondansetron gel in cisplatin-induced emesis in rats. Methods: Ondansetron gel (F13: sodium alginate 7% w/w) was used, marketed I. V. ondansetron (Zofran) ® was chosen as reference. The bioavailability study in rabbits was selected as a parallel design using nine healthy rabbits divided into three groups whereas, bioavailability study in humans was an open-label, wherein 6 healthy subjects administered ondansetron gel. The potential effect of ondansetron gel was evaluated for the prevention of different phases of emesis motivated by exposure to antineoplastic drugs (cisplatin) by determination of body weight loss, water and food intake applying kaolin-pica model in rats using seventy-two rats divided into six groups. Results: Ondansetron gel (0.5%) showed detectable plasma concentration 22.833±2.17 ng/m1 after ¼ h and 419.55±2.17 ng/ml after 1-h post-treatment in rabbits and human respectively and concentration was maintained above-reported minimum effective concentration for more than 2.5 h for rabbits and 7 h for humans compared to 1.75 h after I. V. administration. The ondansetron gel significantly reduces all phases of cisplatin-induced emesis and a decrease in body weight, water, and food consumption was significantly attenuated. Conclusion: Based on the high efficacy of gel on emesis induced by cisplatin, and its high bioavailability, transdermal ondansetron gel could be a promising convenient system to prevent nausea and vomiting following administration of antineoplastic drugs

Experiment and Simulation Study of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Performance, Using Soybean Oil Biodiesel

— The most common fuel uses in the world is made from fossil. Fossil fuel is categorized as a non-renewable energy source. For that reason, there should be an alternative fuel to replace fossil fuel by using biodiesel and one of the stock comes from soybean bean. Before using the biodiesel made from soybean bean oil, there should be a research to find out the properties and the effect of biodiesel from soybean bean oil regarding the performance of the engine. The research can be conducted in experiment and simulation. The properties result of soybean oil biodiesel should be tested to confirm whether this biodiesel have meet the standard requirement of biodieselor not. This biodiesel sproperties are Flash Point value is 182 o C , Pour Point value is -7 o C, Density at 15 o C is 890 Kg/m3, Kinematic Viscosity at 40 o C is 5.58 (cSt), and Lower Heating Value is 42.27686 MJ/kg. The result from this research is the highest power from simulation is 9% higher than the experiment. The highest torque from the experiment is 37% lower than the simulation's torque. Lowest SFOC from experiment is 28% lower than the simulation's SFOC. Highest BMEP from simulation is 20% higher than the highest BMEP from experiment. The highest thermal efficiency from experiment is 6% higher than the highest thermal efficiency from simulation. The engine performance result using soybean oil biodiesel is not better than the Pertamina Dex. For that reason, the use of this biodiesel is not suggested to substitute Pertamina Dex

Structural and Electrical Investigation of Cobalt-Doped NiOx/Perovskite Interface for Efficient Inverted Solar Cells

Inorganic hole-transporting materials (HTMs) for stable and cheap inverted perovskite-based solar cells are highly desired. In this context, NiOx, with low synthesis temperature, has been employed. However, the low conductivity and the large number of defects limit the boost of the efficiency. An approach to improve the conductivity is metal doping. In this work, we have synthesized cobalt-doped NiOx nanoparticles containing 0.75, 1, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mol% cobalt (Co) ions to be used for the inverted planar perovskite solar cells. The best efficiency of the devices utilizing the low temperature-deposited Co-doped NiOx HTM obtained a champion photoconversion efficiency of 16.42%, with 0.75 mol% of doping. Interestingly, we demonstrated that the improvement is not from an increase of the conductivity of the NiOx film, but due to the improvement of the perovskite layer morphology. We observe that the Co-doping raises the interfacial recombination of the device but more importantly improves the perovskite morphology, enlarging grain size and reducing the density of bulk defects and the bulk recombination. In the case of 0.75 mol% of doping, the beneficial effects do not just compensate for the deleterious one but increase performance further. Therefore, 0.75 mol% Co doping results in a significant improvement in the performance of NiOx-based inverted planar perovskite solar cells, and represents a good compromise to synthesize, and deposit, the inorganic material at low temperature, without losing the performance, due to the strong impact on the structural properties of the perovskite. This work highlights the importance of the interface from two different points of view, electrical and structural, recognizing the role of a low doping Co concentration, as a key to improve the inverted perovskite-based solar cells’ performance

Two novel frame shift, recurrent and de novo mutations in the ITGB2 (CD18) gene causing leukocyte adhesion deficiency in a highly inbred North African population

We have identified four different mutations causing leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) in the ITGB2 gene of patients from a highly inbred population. Two were novel single-bp deletions (1497delG and 1920delG) causing frame shift and the two others were the missense mutations G284S and R593C. In our study, the G284S was a recurrent mutation while the R593C occurred de novo. We have also characterized a novel Xba1 polymorphic site located at the 5′ end of the ITGB2 locus. Family studies showed that the 1497delG mutation segregated with this marker and the intragenic AvaII polymorphic marker, suggesting the presence of a founder effect. The observation of a heterogeneous spectrum including de novo and recurrent mutations causing LAD in a highly inbred population is rather unexpected. In view of the literature published on the molecular genetics of LAD and considering the ethnic origin of the patients studied, our findings confirm the heterogeneity of the mutations causing LAD and point out potential mutational hot spots in the ITGB2 gene