The Effect of Mentoring Novice Clinical Educators on the Perception of Nursing Students from the Clinical Learning Environment

Introduction: Creating a supportive clinical learning environment (CLE) is one of the characteristics of an effective clinical instructor in nursing. Perhaps empowering novice clinical educators using mentorship method can reduce or resolve this problem. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the mentorship program for novice clinical educators on the nursing students’ actual and preferred understanding of CLE.Methods: This quasi-experimental study on three groups was conducted as post-intervention with the participation of 139 undergraduate nursing students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Sampling was done via stratified and multistage method. Students were placed in three groups: expert clinical educator (n=47), novice clinical educator (n=51), and mentorship (n=41). In the novice and expert clinical educator groups, training was conducted through the conventional method. In the mentorship group, a novice clinical educator (mentee) and an expert clinical educator (mentor) had a mentoring relationship for two weeks. The Chan (2001) CLE inventory was completed at the end of the first and second weeks of externship. Data were analyzed through SPSS v. 16 software using one-way ANOVAand paired t-tests.Results: The students of the three groups were homogeneous in terms of gender (P=0.101) and level of interest in the field (P=0.278). According to the result of the paired t-test, the difference in the mean score of the actual and preferred CLE at the end of the first week was statistically significant in the novice clinical educators (P=0.008) and the mentorship group (P=0.04); however, after the implementation of mentorship program (at the end of the second week), the difference was significant only in the novice educators group (P=0.001).Conclusion: The implementation of the mentorship program for novice clinical educators (as with the expert educators group) could lead to a reduction in the mismatch between the actual and preferred views of students about the CLE. Thus, it is recommended that this method should be used under conditions of shortage of expert educators to create a supportive CLE

Nursing student abilities concerning their performance in nursing disaster

Introduction: Capability of the rescue team in all aspects can reduce mortality and morbidity rate. Nurses therefore should be well educated and fully trained to be able to perform efficiently in disaster as a main part of the rescue team. Objective: The current survey was done in 2005, aiming to determine nursing student’s abilities of performing in disaster. Method: This descriptive survey was done on 50 students chosen with proportional sampling method. The students were at first and last grade of B.S nursing course. Data were collected self reporting, using researchers made tools of demographics data, awareness determination and ability investigation forms. Data were analyzed using t-test and chi square methods. Results: Awareness of students of their role in 3 stages of disaster were different among the first and last year students (t=0.5, p<0.0001) but self reported professional abilities were not statistically significant (t=2.84, p=0.68) Conclusion: The current survey shows that while the students' awareness has improved, their abilities have not significantly changed. The findings suggested that disaster nursing curriculum should be emphasizing practical aspects. Keywords: Knowledge, Performance, Nursing Students, Disaster, Nurses Rol

Outcomes of Patient Education in Nurse-led Clinics: A Systematic Review

Introduction: Patient education is an independent role of nurses performed in nurse-led clinics (NLCs). The measurement of patient education outcomes validates whether nursing educational interventions have a positive effect on patients, which helps determine whether changes in care are needed. Standardized nursing terminologies facilitate the evaluation of educational outcomes. We aimed to explore the outcomes of patient education in NLCs based on the Nursing Outcome Classification (NOC) system. Methods: The review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched "Medline", "Embase", "Web of Science", and "Scopus" databases for articles published between 2000 and 2022. Based on the search strategy, 1157 articles were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases. After excluding the duplicates, 978 articles were appraised. 133 articles remained after reading the titles and abstracts of the articles. In the next step, the articles were evaluated regarding methodology, research population, and exclusion criteria, after which 112 articles were omitted, and finally, 21 articles were included in the full-text review. We assessed all included studies using the Quality Assessment of Controlled Intervention Studies checklist. Results: A total of 21 randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. "Physiologic health", "functional health", "psychosocial health", "health knowledge and behavior", and "perceived health" were the domains of nursing outcomes investigated as Patient Education Outcomes in NLCs. Conclusion: Most of the outcomes were linked to lifestyle-related chronic diseases and, further studies are needed to determine the effects of patient education provided in NLCs in terms of family/society health outcomes

Investigation the Suitability of Patient Education Pamphlets and Patient Satisfaction among Teaching Hospitals in 2015

Background: To make the best use of written information in education pamphlets, suitability criteria developed for instructional materials. Moreover, client satisfaction with the quality of written materials provided in hospitals for patients needs to be taken into account. Aim: Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the suitability of patient education pamphlets and patient satisfaction among teaching hospitals in Mashhad, Iran. Method: A total number of 542 patient education pamphlets developed in 11 teaching hospitals in Mashhad was collected via a census method and their suitability was investigated using Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) instrument. Subsequently, satisfaction with education pamphlets among 2820 hospitalized patients was evaluated using a questionnaire designed based on SAM instrument. The association between the suitability of the given pamphlets and patient satisfaction was also determined. Descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test were used to analyze the findings. Results: The results revealed that 33.3% and 66.7% of the given pamphlets fell into the superior and adequate categories in terms of suitability, respectively. With regard to the satisfaction level, 0.7%, 26.4%, and 72.9 % of the patients were poorly, fairly, and completely satisfied with the pamphlets, respectively. Moreover, the pamphlets rated the higher suitability by patients obtained the higher satisfaction scores. Implications for Practice: The results of this study indicated a need for reconsiderations in some suitability factors for the pamphlets. In this respect, the factors of cultural appropriateness as well as layout and typography rated as acceptable

Ranking the Factors Affecting the Retention of Human Capital with Organizational Support Approach (Case study: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences)

Background: In our country, one of the first steps to recognize the problems of employee retention, both for policy makers and organizations is to understand the factors expected by employees, so the purpose of this study was to rank the factors affecting the retention of human capital with organizational support approach.Method: The present study was applied in terms of purpose and the mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) has been used. The statistical population in the quantitative part included the faculty members of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2018-2019 that 272 people were selected by stratified sampling method, appropriate to the size of each group, and in the qualitative section, the ideas of 32 experts were used by Delphi technique. The research material was a researcher-made questionnaire extracted from the qualitative section which validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was calculated higher than 0.7, using Cronbach's alpha coefficient in all Delphi stages. The final questionnaire with 8 dimensions and 53 components was administered among the sample and the data were analyzed using SPSS24 software.Results: The results showed that both organizational factor (coefficient = 0.94) and personal factor (coefficient = 0.83) had the most impact among the factors and environmental factor (coefficient = 59) had the least impact among the factors, with emphasis on organizational support.Conclusion: Managers of medical universities should expand the supportive environment and create promotion opportunities in the university, which requires planning and simultaneous attention to all factors of human capital retention, especially through the perceived organizational support by creating trust, confidence and communication in the university environment

Effects of a School-Based Interventional Program on Smoking Refusal Self-efficacy in Adolescent Females

smoking. Self-efficacy can be assumed as the best predictor of smoking behavior in adolescents. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a school-based interventional program on smoking refusal self-efficacy in adolescent females. Method: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 53 adolescent females in 2017. The participants were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (n=27) and control (n=26). The intervention group was provided with a smoking prevention program implemented five sessions a week in their school classrooms. On the other hand, the control group received the routine interventions. A researcher-made Smoking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was completed before and one month after the intervention. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 20.0) using Fisher’s exact test, t-test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: According to the results, 9 (34.6%) and 7 (25.9%) individuals in the control and intervention groups had smoking fathers, respectively. The two study groups were homogeneous in terms of smoking refusal self-efficacy before the intervention. Following the intervention, the mean self-efficacy scores in the intervention and control groups were estimated as 111.55±13.1 and 93.53±25.02, respectively. There was a significant difference between the two groups regarding this variable after the intervention (P=0.02). Implications for Practice: The school-based interventional program for smoking prevention in accordance with social skills training could effectively increase the level of smoking refusal self-efficacy in adolescent females

Directed qualitative content analysis: the description and elaboration of its underpinning methods and data analysis process

Author's accepted version (post-print).Qualitative content analysis consists of conventional, directed and summative approaches for data analysis. They are used for provision of descriptive knowledge and understandings of the phenomenon under study. However, the method underpinning directed qualitative content analysis is insufficiently delineated in international literature. This paper aims to describe and integrate the process of data analysis in directed qualitative content analysis. Various international databases were used to retrieve articles related to directed qualitative content analysis. A review of literature led to the integration and elaboration of a stepwise method of data analysis for directed qualitative content analysis. The proposed 16-step method of data analysis in this paper is a detailed description of analytical steps to be taken in directed qualitative content analysis that covers the current gap of knowledge in international literature regarding the practical process of qualitative data analysis. An example of “the resuscitation team members' motivation for cardiopulmonary resuscitation” based on Victor Vroom's expectancy theory is also presented. The directed qualitative content analysis method proposed in this paper is a reliable, transparent, and comprehensive method for qualitative researchers. It can increase the rigour of qualitative data analysis, make the comparison of the findings of different studies possible and yield practical results.acceptedVersio

Concordance of Continuing Education Programs with the Principles of Adult Learning and their Effectiveness: Perspectives of Nurses in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Introduction: Continuing education is an essential component of the professionalization of nursing and could be viewed as a catalyst for the development of nursing practice. This study aimed to determine the concordance of the continuing education programs with the principles of adult learning and the effectiveness of these programs from the perspective of nurses. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 150 nurses working in teaching hospitals affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2011 were selected using quota sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire which proved to be valid and reliable. The questionnaire had 3 sections, focusing on “Concordance rate of in-service training programs with the adult learning principles”, “Effectiveness rate of these programs”, and “the preferred educational methods”. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: 68% of participants were women and 89% had a BS degree in nursing. The mean score of compliance of continuing education program with principals of adult learning was 35.2±4.6 out of 65.The mean score for the effectiveness was 28.6±6.2 out of 55. As for adult learning principles, 46.9% of the participants rated the program weak. Conclusion: It is suggested that the continuing education program be revised in term of planning and implementing, based on the principles of adult learning in order to increase the effectiveness of this program

A Critical Review on Communication Paradigms Beteween Academic and Clinical Service Institutions in Nursing

Introduction: Clinical education is the duty of academic and clinical organizations and its effectiveness is influenced by the interaction of both organizations. Since the commencement of nursing profession, this interaction has experienced different paradigms. This paper is an endeavor for identification and critical analysis of these paradigms as well as the current trends of the interactions between educational and clinical institutions. Exploration of these patterns and their advantages and disadvantages could help the administrators of educational and clinical institutions in designation and choice of appropriate relationship paradigms. Methods: For this narrative review, an electronic search within three phases was performed in January 2008 to retrieve studies published from 1990 to 2008 through these databases: ISI Web of Science, Medline, CINAHL, ERIC, and BNI. The key terms were clinical education, clinical practice models, clinical education model, models of shared learning in clinical practice, and partnership between university and clinical institutions. These articles were studied several times to identify and derive the type of communicational paradigm, significant characteristics, manners of communication, advantages, and disadvantages. Results: Four paradigms of communication between educational and clinical institutions in nursing profession were identified. These included service-orientation, organizational independence, shared models of clinical education, and intra-organizational partnership paradigm. Conclusion: A developing trend can be identified which is influenced by factors such as professional progress in nursing and changes in community expectations. The need for professionalism and expanding the body of knowledge in nursing makes it necessary to maintain nursing schools. The trend of communication paradigms is toward the establishment of partnership between these two independent organizations

The Mechanisms to Attract Nurses’ Parthnership in Clinical Education: Perspective of Managers, Nursing Educators, and Staff Nurses

Introduction: Parthnership in clinical education is a duty for all those involved in providing health care. Nurses’ involvement in clinical education can reduce the gap between theory and practice. This study aimed to identify the mechanisms used by nursing educators to attract staff nurses’ parthnership in the delivery of clinical education. Methods: This is a qualitative content analysis study performed in year 2009. Fifteen nursing clinical educators, staff nurses, educational managers, and nurse managers of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences and Tehran University of Medical Sciences participated in this study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews. Primarily, purposeful sampling was performed and continued using snowballing method and continued until data saturation. All interviews were recorded and subsequently transcribed. The analysis was carried out by qualitative content analysis method. Results: Six themes were discovered through rich and deep descriptions by participants. These include acquiring skillfulness supremacy, being realistic, commitment and responsibility, modesty, using other nurses’ experiences, and assertiveness. Conclusion: Nursing educators use their special approaches to make effective and appropriate personal and professional relationships with clinical nurses and transfer their experiences to the students. These personal mechanisms should be systematically supported through incorporation within organizational programs shared by academic and clinical institutes. This will enhance the efficacy of nursing educators in accomplishing their clinical rol