Further study of inversion layer MOS solar cells

A group of inversion layer MOS solar cells has been fabricated. The highest value of open-circuit voltage obtained for the cells is 0.568V. One of the cells has produced a short-circuit current of 79.6 mA and an open-circuit voltage of 0.54V. It is estimated that the actual area AMO efficiency of this cell is 6.6 percent with an assumed value of 0.75 for its fill factor. Efforts made for fabricating an IL/MOS cell with reasonable efficiencies are reported. Future work for 4 sq cm IL cells and 25 sq cm IL cells is discussed

THE ANALYSIS OF THE QUALITY OF ADMINISTRATION OF COMPANY RELATIONS WITH COMMERCIAL PARTNERS

The proper development of the activity of a company depends largely upon the way it administrates its relations with commercial partners (suppliers and clients), as they support the activity of exploitment, which is the main activity of the company. The qclients, suppliers, negotiation power, partnership relations, receivables, debts, income, expenses, cashings, payments, indicators of activity, indicators of liquidity.

EXCHANGE-RATES FORECASTING: EXPONENTIAL SMOOTHING TECHNIQUES AND ARIMA MODELS

The exchange rate reflects the ratio at which one currency can be exchanged with another currency, namely the ratio of currency prices. The relevant literature implies, by the purchasing power parity theory, that in the long-run exchange rates converge to an equilibrium level. The question that arises is related to the behavior in the short-term of the exchange rates, and how these fluctuations might affect the financial market players, the investors as well as those directly influenced by changes in the exchange rate In this study we want to highlight the methods for exchange rate forecasting, using the exchange rates of Romanian Leu versus the most important currencies in terms of international trade, namely the Euro, United States Dollar, British Pound, Japanese Yen, Chinese Renminbi and the Russian Ruble. The relevant literature on currency forecasting issues includes a wide range of methods, the majority concentrating on models that are based on the random walk hypothesis in forecasting exchange rates, respectively those based on macroeconomic indicators. (Chinn and Meese:1995), (Mark:1995) (Hwang: 2001) consider the last ones more efficient, while (Meese and Rogof: 1983), (Goldberg and Frydman: 1996) indicate that the models based on the random walk hypothesis are superior. Others, like (Marsh and Power:1996), (Kilian and Taylor: 2001), (Zhang, Simoff and Debenham: 2006) use hybrid models. In the literature both types of models are used, but in the long-term the models based on macroeconomic indicators outperform those based on random walk, while in the short-term a more efficient predictability is achieved by the models based on random walk. To forecast the exchange rates the single exponential smoothing technique, double exponential smoothing technique, Holt -Winters simple exponential smoothing technique, Holt -Winters multiplicative exponential smoothing technique, Holt -Winters additive exponential smoothing technique namely the the autoregressive integrated moving average models were used. The forecasting results were measured by the indicators: Sum of squared errors, Root mean squared error, Mean absolute error, Bias Proportion, Variance Proportion, Covariance Proportion and the Theil Inequality Coefficient. All the results indicate the apreciation of the Romanian Leu against the other currencies. In the case of the first five forecast techniques the results are similar, from the point of view of the forecast coefficients, which points out that the optimal models were found. The exponential smoothing techniques in some cases outperform the ARIMA models, because of the speed eith which they addapt to the smallest changes to the market conditions. In addition, the ARIMA models present some difficulties in estimating and validating the model, are more effective in rendering the medium-term trend, in our case 4 months. So these models show the changes in trend, while the forecasting models based on exponential smoothing techniques are an effective tool for those interested in the evolution of the exchange rate. This work was possible with the financial support of the Sectoral Operational Programme for Human Resources Development 2007-2013, co-financed by the European Social Fund, under the project number POSDRU/107/1.5/S/77946 with the title "Doctorate: an Attractive Research Career ".Forecasting, Simple Exponential Smoothing, Double Exponential Smoothing, Holt-Winters Additive, Holt-Winters Multiplicative

Further study of inversion layer MIS solar cells

Many inversion layer metal-insulator-semiconductor (IL/MIS) solar cells have been fabricated. As of today, the best cell fabricated by us has a 9.138 percent AMO efficiency, with FF = 0.641, V(sub OC) = 0.557 V, and I(sub SC) = 26.9 micro A. Efforts made for fabricating an IL/MOS solar cell with reasonable efficiencies are reported. The more accurate control of the thickness of the thin layer of oxide between aluminum and silicon of the MIS contacts has been achieved by using two different process methods. Comparison of these two different thin oxide processings is reported. The effects of annealing time of the sample are discussed. The range of the resistivity of the substrates used in the IL cell fabrication is experimentally estimated. Theoretical study of the MIS contacts under dark conditions is addressed

THE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATION BETWEEN THE EVOLUTION OF THE BET INDEX AND THE MAIN MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES IN ROMANIA (1997-2008)

Starting from the conclusions which result from conducting some similar empirical studies on the great stock markets, in this work, we have set as our goal to analyze the return series behaviour of the main index of the Bucharest Stock Exchange (BSE) - the BET index, during different periods of time, compared to the evolution of some macroeconomic variables, like interbank interest rates, inflation rate or unemployment rate. The results confirm that there is a weak relation between these variables, in what monthly data are concerned.stock market, macroeconomic variables, empirical study

SURVEI GEOKIMIA DAN ANALISIS TANAH MENGGUNAKAN METODE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS ) UNTUK MENGETAHUI PENYEBARAN KADAR MERKURI (HG) DI DESA ISE-ISE KECAMATAN LINGE KABUPATEN ACEH TENGAH

Kegiatan tambang emas dikecamatan Linge kabupaten Aceh Tengah mulai beroperasi sejak tahun 2012 dimana proses pengolahan untuk mendapatkan emas tidak menggunakan teknologi yang tinggi dan hanya menggunakan alat yang sederhana. Dalam proses pengolahan emas pada sistem penambangan ini hanya mempunyai beberapa tahapan sederhana yaitu penggalian batuan yang mempunyai indikasi emas, pengolahan, dan pembuangan limbah.Dalam pengolahan emas ada dua bahan pengikat emas yang sering digunakan yaitumerkuri (amalgamasi) dan sianida (sianidasi) dimana jika tidak dapat melakukan pengolahan dengan baik maka limbah yang dihasilkanakan langsung dapat mengalir ke sungai. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kadar merkuri pada setiapsampel tanah di 20 titik padapengolahan emas menggunakan analisis AASdanmengetahui peta persebaran merkuri di lokasipengolahan emas di Desa Ise-Ise.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara menganalisa kandungan merkuri pada air sungaidan tanah di sekitar lokasi penambangan yang kemudian dilakukan pengujian laboratorium dengan menggunakan metode AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectometry) dan fotometri. Dengan demikian dapat diasumsikan apakah sampel melebihi nilai ambang batas atau tidak. Dari hasil analisa menyatakan bahwa sampeldari sungai dan sampel tanah disekitar lokasi penambangan telah terkontaminasi oleh merkuri yang mana melebihi nilai ambang batas sehinggapada lokasi tersebut dapat dikatakan mengalami pencemaranmerkuri. Dari hasilanalisamemperlihatkanbahwa(T1-T20) memilikikandunganmerkuri yang tinggi.Disebagian daerah pengambilan titik tersebut dulunya pertama kali dilakukan penambangan.Akibat penggalian yang dilakukan mengakibatkan tanah menjadi cekung kedalam sehingga aliran merkuri masuk mengaliri bersamaan dengan tanah.Dengan seiring waktu terjadi penimbunan merkuri dan membuat bentuk tanah yang dulunya cekung berubah menjadi rata, sehingga pada kondisi ini kan dungan merkuri pada titik (T1-T10) cenderung tinggi.Pada titik (T11-T15) berada pada bukit yang berbeda, kandungan sample yang berada pada titik ini cenderung mengikuti arah aliran pembuangan merkuri, semakin rendah elevasinya maka kandungan merkuri akan semakin tinggi. padatitik (T16-T18) cara pengambilansample tanah tegak lurus dikarenakan kondisi lapangan yang seharusnya menjadi titik pengambilan sample 19 dan 20 tidak memungkinkan untuk dijangkau, dan pada titik 19 dan 20 pengambilan sample dilakukan pada lokasi yang berdekatan dengan titik sample yang seharusnya.Kata kunci:Amalgamasi, Survei Geokimia, Merkuri, AAS, Linge

THE ANALYSIS OF THE QUALITY OF ADMINISTRATION OF COMPANY RELATIONS WITH COMMERCIAL PARTNERS

The proper development of the activity of a company depends largely upon the way it administrates its relations with commercial partners (suppliers and clients), as they support the activity of exploitment, which is the main activity of the company. The

PERAN PRAMUKA DALAM MENUMBUHKAN KARAKTER TOLERANSI DAN BELA NEGARA Studi Kasus: pada siswa SMP Negeri 1 Sambi, Boyolali

This study aims to describe the role of Scouts in fostering the character of Tolerance,the role of Boy Scouts in fostering the character of Bela Negara in the students of SMP Negeri 1 Sambi, Boyolali and the forms of Scout role in fostering the character of Tolerance and State Defense in the students of SMP Negeri 1 Sambi, Boyolali. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative. The subjects of this research are principal, scout leader, and students of SMP Negeri 1 Sambi Boyolali. Data collection techniques used in this study are interviews, observation, and documentation. This study uses two kinds of triangulation, ie triangulation of data sources and triangulation techniques or data collection methods. Data analysis technique in this research use interactive model data analysis. The results of this study can be concluded that: 1) The role of Scout in fostering the character of tolerance found include able and willing to work with friends, appreciate the opinions of other friends, and not impose opinions or confidence on his friends. 2) The role of Boy Scouts in fostering the character of defending the country that is grown the love of the homeland, the awareness of nation and state, confident of Pancasila as the state ideology, and willing to sacrifice for the nation & state. 3) The form of scouting role in SMP Negeri 1 Sambi Boyolali in fostering the character of tolerance is done through rigging and pionering activities, while the form of scout troop in nurturing the character of state defense is done through ceremonial activities and camp