"And Yet It Moves": national entrepreneurial culture and entrepreneurship-friendly policies: evidence from OECD countries

This paper investigates the impact of public policies aimed to foster entrepreneurship on the national entrepreneurial culture of a country. While most of the existing studies focus on the direct impact of policies on entrepreneurship outcomes, we propose that the impact of policies on entrepreneurial culture may be even more important for the development of economies in the long term. Using data for 36 OECD countries in the period 2002-2014, we investigate econometrically the impact of policies on culture usually associated with entrepreneurship and find that such impact is stronger for policies that address a broader target of potential beneficiaries, rather than a narrow one. Moreover, we find that, among the values that are usually associated with entrepreneurial activity, entrepreneurship-friendly policies foster those that are related to creativity, innovation and risk taking, but not those that relate to individualism and the belief that success is achieved through one's own personal efforts. Lastly, we find that the positive impact of policies on culture only applies to the countries with a higher initial level of entrepreneurial culture, and not to the countries with lower initial levels

The role of institutional characteristics in knowledge transfer: a comparative analysis of two Italian universities

Book synopsis: Universities have become essential players in the generation of knowledge and innovation. Through the commercialization of technology, they have developed the ability to influence regional economic growth. By examining different commercialization models this book analyses technology transfer at universities as part of a national and regional system. It provides insight as to why certain models work better than others, and reaffirms that technology transfer programs must be linked to their regional and commercial environments. Using a global perspective on technology commercialization, this book divides the discussion between developed and developing counties according to the level of university commercialization capability. Critical cases as well as country reports examine the policies and culture of university involvement in economic development, relationships between university and industry, and the commercialization of technology first developed at universities. In addition, each chapter provides examples from specific universities in each country from a regional, national, and international comparative perspective. This book includes articles by leading practitioners as well as researchers and will be highly relevant to all those with an interest in innovation studies, organizational studies, regional economics, higher education, public policy and business entrepreneurship

Which governance of university-industry interactions increases the value of industrial inventions?

While evidence suggests that industry inventors’ interactions with universities enhance invention value, the role of interaction governance has so far been overlooked. Relying on an original survey of industry inventors of European patents based in Italy, we show that governance matters. Personal contractual collaborations between firms and individual academics lead to higher-value inventions than collaborations mediated by university institutions. The former enable more effective exploitation of academic knowledge, by facilitating its full transmission and integration into the firm’s knowledge base

International knowledge flows between industry inventors and universities: the role of multinational companies

We investigate the determinants of industry researchers’ interactions with universities in different localities, distinguishing between local and international universities. We analyze the extent to which local and international interactions are enabled by different types of individual personal networks (education, career based), and by their access to different business networks through their employer companies (local vs. domestic or international multinational company networks). We control for selection bias and numerous other individual and firm-level factors identified in the literature as important determinants of interaction with universities. Our findings suggest that industry researchers’ personal networks play a greater role in promoting interactions with local universities (i.e. in the same region, and other regions in the same country) while researcher employment in a multinational is especially important for establishing interaction with universities abroad

Evaluation of agri-environmental measures in the Venice Lagoon Watershed. Expert knowledge elicitation and multi-criteria analysis

Various tools and approaches have been experimented worldwide to address the externalities arising from agricultural activities, among which the design of agri-environmental policies and the introduction of specific measures to cope with the environmental impacts of agricultural origin. The mechanisms adopted within the Common Agricultural Policy with such aim fall within the category of Agri-Environmental Schemes (AESs), which are market-based policy schemes aimed at providing farmers with the right incentives to adopt farming practices yielding positive environmental externalities and are based on voluntary participation. Given the intrinsic complexity of agro-ecosystems and the effects of farmers’ behaviour, the assessment of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of AESs is always challenging, and often both the environmental and economic role of AESs are questionable. The main objective of this paper is to present a framework for assessing the effectiveness of AESs in promoting social and environmental sustainability in Europe, based on experts’ knowledge. Experts’ knowledge, acquired through adequate elicitation strategies and managed with robust and transparent methodologies, can help building a system of information that can then be used to infer the effectiveness of agri-environmental measures, at least in comparative terms, if not in terms of quantitative absolute estimations. In the present study, the NetSyMoD framework approach has been adopted. First, a short introduction of the policy evaluation framework, the role of monitoring and performance indicators and of experts’ opinion is provided. Subsequently the methodology used to identify experts and to elicit their assessment on the effectiveness of AES schemes is presented. Finally, the paper provides a concrete example in which experts’ opinions have been used for the assessment exercise, and presents a framework for collecting, managing and integrating different opinions with quantitative indicators

Glutathione limits Ero1-dependent oxidation in the endoplasmic reticulum

Many proteins of the secretory pathway contain disulfide bonds that are essential for structure and function. In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Ero1alpha and Ero1beta oxidize protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), which in turn transfers oxidative equivalents to newly synthesized cargo proteins. However, oxidation must be limited, as some reduced PDI is necessary for disulfide isomerization and ER-associated degradation. Here we show that in semipermeable cells, PDI is more oxidized, disulfide bonds are formed faster, and high molecular mass covalent protein aggregates accumulate in the absence of cytosol. Addition of reduced glutathione (GSH) reduces PDI and restores normal disulfide formation rates. A higher GSH concentration is needed to balance oxidative folding in semipermeable cells overexpressing Ero1alpha, indicating that cytosolic GSH and lumenal Ero1alpha play antagonistic roles in controlling the ER redox. Moreover, the overexpression of Ero1alpha significantly increases the GSH content in HeLa cells. Our data demonstrate tight connections between ER and cytosol to guarantee redox exchange across compartments: a reducing cytosol is important to ensure disulfide isomerization in secretory proteins

Instability of Quark Matter Core in a Compact Newborn Neutron Star With Moderately Strong Magnetic Field

It is explicitly shown that if phase transition occurs at the core of a newborn neutron star with moderately strong magnetic field strength, which populates only the electron's Landau levels, then in the $\beta$-equilibrium condition, the quark core is energetically much more unstable than the neutron matter of identical physical condition.Comment: Six pages REVTEX file, one .eps file (included

Different fracture risk profile in patients treated with anti-osteoporotic drugs in real-life

In this retrospective study, we intended to investigate the baseline fracture risk profile in patients who started treatment with different anti-osteoporotic medications. We analyzed retrospectively the fracture risk calculated with DeFRA, a validated FRAX derived tool, in women who started an anti-osteoporotic treatment from 2010 to 2017. We analyzed baseline data of 12,024 post-menopausal women aged over 50 years. Teriparatide initiators had a baseline 10-year risk of major osteoporotic fracture of 82.1% with a Standard Deviation (SD) of 66.5%. Denosumab initiators and zoledronic acid initiators had a greater 10-year baseline risk of fracture (54.3%, SD 46.5% and 47.0%, SD 42.0 respectively) than patients initiated on alendronate (24.9%, SD 34.6%) and patients initiated on risedronate (23.9%, SD 24.1%). Using DeFRA, a FRAX™ derived tool, we showed significantly different fracture risk profiles in women who were started on various therapeutic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis in routine clinical practice