Pencirian Sebatian Aktif Biologi daripada Alga Marin, Laurencia cartilaginea dan Hypnea pannosa

The chemical components and the biological activity of Laurencia cartilaginea and Hypnea pannosa have been studied. Extraction and purification of H. pannosa have resulted in the isolation of two monoterpenes identified as 3-bromo-8chloro- 6-- chloromethyl-2-methylocta-l ,6-diene (1) and 8-chloro-6--chloromethyl3- methoxy-2-methylocta-l,6-diene (2). The study of L. cartilaginea resulted in the isolation of a sesquiterpene identified as 8-bromochamigra-1,11 (12)-diene-9-0l (3). All the halogenated compounds showed some antibacterial properties

Chemical composition of Cinnamomum species collected in Sarawak

Cinnamomum species (Lauraceae) are well known for their fragrance and medicinal value. The essential oils of three Cinnamomum species (C. macrophyllum, C. crassinervium and C. griffithii) collected in Sarawak were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatograpy mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The analysis of the oils showed that most of the essential oils were mainly phenylpropanoids and monoterpenes with a small amount of sesquiterpenes present. Both C. griffithii and C. crassinervium contained similar major chemical composition such as β-linalool, methyl cinnamate and eugenol methyl ether. No presence of methyl cinnamate and β-linalool were found in the oil of C. macrophyllum. m-Eugenol was prominent in the leaf oil of C. macrophyllum, while cinnamaldehyde was found mainly in the bark oil of C. macrophyllum. High percentage of camphor was identified in the bark and root oil of C. macrophyllum, compared to small amount of camphor found in the both root oil of C. griffithii and C. crassinervium

Optimization and Validation of RP-HPLC-UV/Vis Method for Determination Phenolic Compounds in Several Personal Care Products

An HPLC method with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry detection has been optimized and validated for the simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds, such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as antioxidants, and octyl methyl cinnamate (OMC) as UVB-filter in several personal care products. The dynamic range was between 1 to 250 mg/L with relative standard deviation less than 0.25% (n = 4). Limits of detection for BHA, BHT, and OMC were 0.196, 0.170, and 0.478 mg/L, respectively. While limits of quantification for BHA, BHT, and OMC were 0.593, 0.515, and 1.448 mg/L, respectively. The recovery for BHA, BHT, and OMC was ranged from 92.1–105.9%, 83.2–108.9%, and 87.3–103.7%, respectively. The concentration ranges of BHA, BHT, and OMC in 12 commercial personal care samples were 0.13–4.85, 0.16–2.30, and 0.12–65.5 mg/g, respectively. The concentrations of phenolic compounds in these personal care samples were below than maximum allowable concentration in personal care formulation, that is, 0.0004–10 mg/g, 0.002–5 mg/g, and up to 100 mg/g for BHA, BHT, and OMC, respectively

GC-MS ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN LEAF EXTRACTS OF NEOLAMARCKIA CADAMBA (RUBIACEAE) FROM MALAYSIA

Neolamarckia cadamba is one of the medicinal plants used in the treatment of various diseases traditionally. This study was conducted to identify the phytochemical constituents of N. cadamba leaf extracts using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Solvents with increasing polarities viz. hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol were used in this study. The solvent extracts were analyzed using GC-MS and the mass spectra of the compounds found in the respective extract were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. A total of 26 compounds were identified and the major chemical constituents were n-hexadecanoic acid (44.88%), hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (17.96%) and octadecanoic acid ethyl ester (11.71%). Some of the identified compounds have been reported to possess various biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anesthetic, antiseptic, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic and etc. The results thus concluded that N. cadamba leaves possess various potent bioactive compounds and is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance

Di-n-but­yl{4-hydr­oxy-N′-[(2-oxido-1-naphthyl-κO)methyl­ene]benzo­hydrazidato-κ2 O,N′}tin(IV)

The deprotonated Schiff base ligand in the title compound, [Sn(C4H9)2(C18H12N2O3)], O,N,O′-chelates to the Sn atom, which is five-coordinated in a cis-C2NO2Sn trigonal-bipyramidal environment. The apical sites are occupied by the O atoms [O—Sn—O = 155.2 (2)°]. The hydr­oxy group is a hydrogen-bond donor to the two-coordinate N atom of an adjacent mol­ecule, the hydrogen-bonding inter­action giving rise to a helical chain running along the c axis. The carbon atoms of the butyl chains are equally disordered over two positions

Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Antibacterial Studies of Organotin(IV) Complexes with 2-Hydroxyacetophenone-2-methylphenylthiosemicarbazone (H2dampt)

Five new organotin(IV) complexes of 2-hydroxyacetophenone-2-methylphenylthiosemicarbazone [H2dampt, (1)] with formula [RSnCln-1(dampt)] (where R = Me, n = 2 (2); R = Bu, n = 2 (3); R = Ph, n = 2 (4); R = Me2, n = 1 (5); R = Ph2, n = 1 (6)) have been synthesized by direct reaction of H2dampt (1) with organotin(IV) chloride(s) in absolute methanol. The ligand (1) and its organotin(IV) complexes (2–6) were characterized by CHN analyses, molar conductivity, UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR spectral studies. H2dampt (1) is newly synthesized and has been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. Spectroscopic data suggested that H2dampt (1) is coordinated to the tin(IV) atom through the thiolate-S, azomethine-N, and phenoxide-O atoms; the coordination number of tin is five. The in vitro antibacterial activity has been evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. The screening results have shown that the organotin(IV) complexes (2–6) have better antibacterial activities and have potential as drugs. Furthermore, it has been shown that diphenyltin(IV) derivative (6) exhibits significantly better activity than the other organotin(IV) derivatives (2–5)

Minyak Pati Beberapa Bahagian Pokok Goniothalamus ridleyi (Essential Oils from Different Parts of Goniothalamus ridleyi Plant)

The essential oils of fresh and dried samples of stem bark, stem, fruit, root and leaf of Goniothalamus ridleyi were extracted using hydrodistillation. They were examined by capillary GC and GC-MS. The chemical constituents were identified by comparison of their mass spectral data with those from the Wiley library, their retention indices and co-injection with the authentic samples. A total of 50 compounds representing 89.5% of the essential oil content were identified from the fresh stem bark of G. ridleyi. The fresh stem bark oil was dominated by linalool (15.2%) and citronellal (10.9%). A total of 47 compounds representing 90.1% of the total oil were identified from fresh stem of G. ridleyi, with the major compounds identified as β-eudesmol (27.1%) and γ-eudesmol (20.8%). The fruit oil contain 49 identified compounds representing 89.8% of total oil with the major constituents identified as β-cubebene (20.7%) and elemol (20.2%). The chemical constituent in the fresh sample were similar to the constituent in the dried sample, except that the dried samples were found to be rich in β-caryophyllene, limonene, β-selinene, viridifloral, α-copaene and cyperene

Oilseeds and Seed Oils of Shorea macrophylla and Shorea palembanica : Evaluation of Proximate, Antinutritive Factors and Chemical Composition

Shorea macrophylla (S. macrophylla) and Shorea palembanica (S. palembanica) are known as “Engkabang Jantung” and “Engkabang Asu”, respectively, by natives in Sarawak, Malaysia. The oilseeds remain underused due to a lack of scientific approach. This study aimed to determine proximate compositions and antinutritional factors of S. macrophylla and S. palembanica seeds and compare the fatty acid profiles, chemical properties and antioxidant activity between mechanical extraction (ME) and Soxhlet extraction (SE). The proximate compositions of S. macrophylla and S. palembanica seeds were 21.47% and 27.25% (moisture); 0.67% and 1.98% (ash); 41.37% and 49.06% (total lipid); 79.44% and 82.37% (total carbohydrate); 15.67% and 7.72% (crude fiber), respectively. Seeds of S. macrophylla and S. palembanica contained high levels of K (1186.50 and 400.17 mg/100 g), Ca (238.31 and 128.62 mg/100 g), Mg (300.50 and 117.17 mg/100 g), and Na (75.12 and 30.14 mg/100 g). The antinutritional factor phytate was detected in small concentrations in both species. At the same time, oxalate was found at a higher concentration in S. palembanica (2.43 mg/100 g) than in S. macrophylla (1.91 mg/100 g). The bioavailability of Ca and Zn influenced by antinutritional factors phytate and oxalate was calculated based on their molar ratios. The bioavailability of minerals affected by phytate did not exceed the critical value, suggesting adequate mineral absorption. However, high oxalate content exceeded the critical value of bioavailability (2.5), indicating insufficient mineral availability. SE was more efficient in extracting Shorea oils. Stearic, oleic and palmitic acids were the major fatty acids in S. macrophylla and S. palembanica oils, with no significant difference in fatty acid profiles between types of extraction (p>0.05). The acid (AV) and peroxide (PV) values of ME oils (AV: 3.47 to 4.75 mg NaOH/g; PV: 7.96 to 10.62 meq O2/kg) were lower than SE oils (AV: 4.69 to 8 mg NaOH/g; PV: 9.92 to 14.58 meq O2/kg). Therefore, mechanical extraction is considered the method of choice to extract Shorea oils. The iodine value (IV), AV, and PV of Shorea oils do not meet the required standards of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) of Tengkawang butter and Cocoa Butter standards. Thus, a further refining process is suggested to increase the quality of S. macrophylla and S. palembanica oils

Studies on Homalomeneae (Araceae) of Borneo III: The helophytic Homalomena of Sunda

An account of the helophytic Homalomena in Sunda is presented. Two species are recognized: H. expedita A.Hay & Hersc. and H. rostrata Griff., neither novel. Homalomena expedita is so far endemic to Sarawak, where it is known from three widely separated sites. Homalomena rostrata is widespread from Sumatera through Peninsular Malaysia to Borneo, and onwards to Maluku (Pulau Ceram). Throughout its range H. rostrata is morphologically plastic, such that it has accrued a considerable synonymy, proposed here: Homalomena beccariana Engl., H. ensiformis Alderw., H. miqueliana Schott, H. miqueliana var. truella Alderw., H. paludosa Hook.f., H. propinqua Schott, H. raapii Engl., H. sagittifolia Jungh. ex Schott, H. sagittifolia var. angustifolia Furtado, H. sagittifolia var. pontederiifolia Ridl. (including homotypic H. ridleyana Engl.), H. sagittifolia var. sumatrana Alderw., H. teysmannii Engl., and H. triangularis Alderw. An overview of the occurrence of helophytism in Araceae, together with speculations on the evolution of helophytism in Homalomena, a key to the species, and illustrations of both species are presented

Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Piper as Anticancer Agents : A Review

Cancer has become the primary cause of death worldwide, and anticancer drugs are used to combat this disease. Synthesis of anticancer drugs has limited success due to adverse side effects has made compounds from natural products with minimal toxicity gain much popularity. Piper species are known to have a biological effect on human health. The biological activity is due to Piper species rich with active secondary metabolites that can combat most diseases, including cancer. This review will discuss the phytochemistry of Piper species and their anticancer activity. The identification and characterization of ten active metabolites isolated from Piper species were discussed in detail and their anticancer mechanism. These metabolites were mainly found could inhibit anticancer through caspase and P38/JNK pathways. The findings discussed in this review support the therapeutic potential of Piper species against cancer due to their rich source of active metabolites with demonstrated anticancer activit