CHALLENGES FOR BRAZIL'S FOOD INDUSTRY IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION AND MERCOSUR CONSOLIDATION

This paper examines how the Brazilian food industry has been heavily affected by several recent institutional and economic changes. The food industry, including the processing and retail sectors, is part of a broader agribusiness system that conditions corporationsÂ’ strategies, performance, and adoption of adequate governance structures. The Brazilian agroindustrialization process that preceded the formation of the sub-regional free-trade area (Mercosur) and economic liberalization influenced subsequent development of the agribusiness and food system in the Mercosur countries and their investment and trade links to countries outside Mercosur. The article emphasizes business strategies for coping with challenges and opportunities that have arisen from Mercosur integration, from economic stabilization programs and, more importantly, from a broad range of institutional changes such as trade liberalization, deregulation, and the friendlier treatment of foreign capital. These changes have together fostered the globalization process in the region and have stimulated different responses from large and small firms, all threatened by the new, competitive environment.Agribusiness, International Relations/Trade,

CARBON MARKET: BUSINESS INCENTIVES FOR SUSTAINABILITY

The Protocol resulting from the 1997 Conference of Parties in Kyoto finally set emission caps for several developed countries and introduced the possibility of market creation mechanisms on carbon emission trading. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was then created for emission trading between countries with caps and those with no caps. The CDM market will pursue the opportunities for lowest costs on carbon reductions available in each country with no emission target, as is the case of Brazil. The positive differentials of Brazil will only be realized if there is, mainly in national terms, a favorable atmosphere to the development of new business and the proper importance to the environmental commitments of reduction of the greenhouse effect. The excess of bureaucracy and governmental controls added to the lack of a policy and of a clear institutional guidance of support to the consistent initiatives of CDM projects. They are decisive obstacles for the achievement of the potentialities and for a good position of Brazil in the trade of CERs. Making use of the teachings of Nobel Prize Ronald Coase, this paper has as a goal to show the necessary institutional conditions for Brail to make use of the development from this market.Environmental Economics and Policy,

Market Structure and Competition in Food Retail: Some Evidences from Brazil

The paper analyzes competition among supermarkets in Brazil. In contrast to part of the economic literature which suggests that the fast growth of big supermarket chains would destroy independent, medium and small supermarkets, the paper argues that big supermarket chains can coexist with different formats of independent food retailing. As a result, competition in food retail is complex and cannot be described as a simple Darwinian process of market concentration. The analysis is divided in two parts. In the first part, the competition between hypermarkets and supermarkets is examined. Evidences for the district of Sao Paulo, Brazil, suggest that these retailers form separate markets. The second part is focused on neighborhood supermarkets. The results differ from the general belief that independent supermarkets establish higher prices in comparison to big chain supermarkets. The analysis brings to light the heterogeneity of the competitive fringe in the oligopoly model of Brazilian retailing.Food retail, Supermarkets, Differentiation, Agribusiness, Industrial Organization,

Scale, Scope, and Specialization Effects on Retailers’ Procurement Strategies: Evidence from the Fresh Produce Markets of São Paulo

Worldwide, the emergence of large supermarket chains in food retail markets is often associated with the marginalization of smaller retailers. A notable exception exists in Brazil, however, where small retailers have held their place in the market and recently even gained ground. The literature investigating how retail concentration has affected agrifood chains has focused activities of the largest retail chains, implicitly holding the scale, scope and specialization of retailers’ input needs constant, and overlooking the influence of these factors on retailers’ procurement strategies. This paper tests hypotheses regarding these variables’ effects on retailers’ fresh produce procurement strategies. Data is drawn from a survey of retailers in metropolitan São Paulo. The research results provide insight into factors underlying retailers’ procurement strategy choices and tradeoffs among options. The results support the fundamental hypothesis of the paper that research on the competitive strategies of smaller retailers in a context of market domination by large retailers should not focus exclusively on the degree to which the smaller retailers imitate the larger retailers rather it should account for the possibility that the underlying characteristics of the retailers may make diverse competitive strategies appropriate.scale, scope, specialization, procurement strategy, fresh produce, retail, Political Economy, L22,

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND THE BRAZILIAN FOOD INDUSTRY IN THE 90S

This work investigates the increased share of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Brazilian food industry. In addition to conferring on Brazil the important role of attracting FDI to Mercosur (the Southern Common Market), this flow of investment has caused importance changes in the Brazilian industrial organization. Increases in competition, new strategies and changes in the number of employees in the industry are a few of the more remarkable results. The main objective of this work is to investigate the reasons of entry, encountered mainly in the characteristics of the Brazilian market, and the impacts on the local industry, and to signal the long-run effects of these recent changes.Agribusiness, International Relations/Trade,

AGE ESTIMATION OF PAWON MEN THROUGH TEETH IDENTIFICATION USING JOHANSON METHOD THROUGH CBCT 3D RADIOGRAPH

Abstrak. Estimasi Usia Manusia Pawon melalui Identifikasi Gigi dengan Metode Johanson pada Radiograf CBCT 3D.Manusia Pawon merupakan manusia prasejarah yang ditemukan di Gua Pawon. Di dalamnya, terdapat sisa tulang yang telah rapuh dan gigi yang masih tertanam pada tulang alveolar meskipun telah tertimbun tanah ribuan tahun lamanya. Gigi tersebut kemudian dijadikan sebagai alat identifikasi primer dalam penelitian forensik odontologi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui estimasi usia Manusia Pawon melalui identifikasi gigi menggunakan metode Johanson pada radiograf CBCT 3D. Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah deskriptif. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling. Sampel sebanyak 21 gigi yang tertanam pada tulang alveolar dan tidak terdapat pada garis fraktur. Pengukuran estimasi usia dengan metode Johanson dilakukan dengan perangkat lunak Ez-Implant menggunakan teknik non-invasif CBCT 3D. Hasil penelitian pada Rangka I (R.I) menghasilkan estimasi usia dengan kisaran antara 32,00-33,92 tahun, Rangka III (R.III) dengan estimasi usia 32,94-36,28 tahun, Rangka IV (R.IV) dengan estimasi usia 34,42 tahun, dan Rangka V (R.V) dengan estimasi usia 27,36-31,35 tahun. Simpulan penelitian menunjukkan estimasi usia Manusia Pawon dengan metode Johanson pada radiograf CBCT 3D berkisar antara 27,36-36,28 tahun. Abstract.Pawon men are prehistoric humans who lived in Pawon cave. The skeletons found in the cave consist of remains of brittle bones and teeth which are still attached to alveolar bone even though it had been buried in soil since thousands of years ago. The teeth are then used as primary identification in forensic odontology research. This research’s aim is to compare the existing age estimation of Pawon men with more recent method, namely Johanson method through CBCT 3D Radiograph. Previously, the age estimation was only based on visual observation of posterior molars’ attrition by Brothwell method. This research is a descriptive study using purposive sampling. The samples are 21 teeth that are intact and attached to the alveolar bone without any fracture line. The age estimation with Johanson method using Ez-Implant software is non-invasive age measurement by Cone Beam Computed Tomography 3D radiograph. The results showed that the age of the first Pawon man is 32-33.92 years old, the third Pawon man is 32.935-36.275 years old, the fourth Pawon man is 34.42 years old, and the fifth Pawon man is 27.36-31.35 years old. The second Pawon man is not included in sampling criteria. The measurement using Johanson method through CBCT 3D is more specific and detailed in yielding the age estimation compared to the Brothwell method

Scale, scope, and specialization effects on retailers’ procurement strategies: evidence from the fresh produce markets of São Paulo

Ao redor do globo, a emergência de grandes cadeias de supermercado em mercados alimentícios de varejo é frequentemente associada à marginalização de varejistas menores. Uma notável exceção existe no Brasil, porém, onde pequenos varejistas têm mantido sua posição no mercado e, recentemente, até ganharam espaço. A literatura investigando como a concentração do varejo afeta cadeias produtivas de alimentos como a concentração no varejo tem afetado as cadeias de agroalimentos tem enfocado atividades das cadeias de varejo maiores. Fatores como escala, escopo e especialização dos varejistas em termos de insumos têm sido mantidos implicitamente constantes, ignorando a influência desses fatores nas estratégias de compra dos varejistas..Os dados foram obtidos junto a varejistas da São Paulo metropolitana. Os resultados da pesquisa consideram atores responsáveis por estratégias varejistas de obtenção e o tradeoffs entre as opções, bem como justificam a hipótese essencial do artigo de que pesquisa acerca das estratégias competitivas de varejo, em um contexto de dominação de mercado por grandes varejistas, não deveria enfocar exclusivamente o matiz com o qual varejistas menores imitam os maiores. Antes deveria contemplar a possibilidade de as características inerentes aos varejistas tornarem adequadas estratégias competitivas divergentes.Worldwide, the emergence of large supermarket chains in food retail markets is often associated with the marginalization of smaller retailers. A notable exception exists in Brazil, however, where small retailers have held their place in the market and recently even gained ground. The literature investigating how retail concentration has affected agrifood chains has focused activities of the largest retail chains, implicitly holding the scale, scope and specialization of retailers’ input needs constant, and overlooking the influence of these factors on retailers’ procurement strategies. This paper tests hypotheses regarding these variables’ effects on retailers’ fresh produce procurement strategies. Data is drawn from a survey of retailers in metropolitan São Paulo. The research results provide insight into factors underlying retailers’ procurement strategy choices and tradeoffs among options. The results support the fundamental hypothesis of the paper that research on the competitive strategies of smaller retailers in a context of market domination by large retailers should not focus exclusively on the degree to which the smaller retailers imitate the larger retailers rather it should account for the possibility that the underlying characteristics of the retailers may make diverse competitive strategies appropriate

PENGARUH UANG PINJAMAN, JUMLAH TAKSIRAN, DAN PEMBIAYAAN GADAI EMAS TERHADAP LABA BERSIH PT PEGADIAAN PALEMBANG

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti pengaruh uang pinjaman, jumlah taksiran, dan pembiayaan gadai emas terhadap laba bersih dari PT Pegadaian cabang Palembang. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah data laporan keuangan milik PT Pegadaian Kanwil III Palembang. Pegambilan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling dengan didapatkan dari data laporan keuangan bulanan PT Pegadaian dari periode 2014-2017. Hasil analisis menggunakan uji t, secara parsial uang pinjaman, jumlah taksiran, dan pembiayaan gadai emas berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap laba bersih PT Pegadaian Palembang. Kemudian, hasil analisis menggunakan uji F secara simultan uang pinjaman, jumlah taksiran, dan pembiayaan gadai emas berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap laba bersih PT Pegadaian Palembang

CONCORRÊNCIA E PERFORMANCE DO SETOR BANCÁRIO EM UM MERCADO HETEROGÊNEO

Financial markets have become increasingly integrated throughout the world. Does this mean that local financial institutions are becoming irrelevant? We argue that due to the information asymmetries involved in credit concession and banks' role as monitors the answer is no. Motivated by empirical evidences that show a great dispersion among Brazilian banks' interest spreads, we have developed an imperfect competition model where the need to monitor loans and the heterogeneity of demand for credit create market niches in which it is possible to systematically charge higher interest rates on credit. Bank deposits do not need monitoring; thus the tendency to more intense competition. The difference in the level of competition under which these two services operate can generate an inefficient allocation of resources in the economy, particularly harming less developed areas. Volumes of loans and deposits observed in different Brazilian cities and states support the conclusions of the model.