Development of the premixing injector in burner system

The alternative fuel is good attention especially for renewable and prevention energy such as biodiesel. Biodiesel fuel (BDF) has a potential for external combustion. BDF is one of the hydrocarbon fuels. Palm oil Biodiesel is free from sulfur and produced by esterification and transesterification reaction of vegetable oil with low molecular weight alcohol, such as ethanol or methanol. The objectives of this research are design the mixing injector fuel and water-fuel emulsion with air for open burner and analyze the behavior of mixture spray formation between fuel (DF and BDF) and water-fuel emulsion. Premix injector use for external combustion especially open burner system. The disadvantages of BDF are high toxic emissions such as NOx, CO and particular matter (PM) and but it can reduced the performance of burner system. High toxic emission can be solved by using a new concept injector with mixing fuel-water emulsion and air. The additional water for combustion process can reduce the NOx emissions, soot, and the flame temperature. This research focuses the Spray angle, penetration, and flame length with secondary and without secondary air. CPO biodiesel has longer penetration length and spray area than diesel, but the spray angle is smaller than diesel. The different of flame Image between pure fuel and water mix with fuel is the flame color. Water mix with fuel has brightness color and shorter flame than pure fuel

Development of deflector flat spray nozzle with mixed of water and organic citric acid for emissions trap and cooling in the kitchen hood ventilation system

The growth of food industry is rapidly-evolving due to the increase of human population, which results in changes to the cooking technology development. This condition leads to increased pollution rate, especially air and water pollution. Recently, several technologies and research are developed to improve the commercial kitchen industry, especially in hotels and restaurants. The function of kitchen hood is to remove gas, odour, heat and steam during cooking process. The main purpose of this study is to introduce mist spray (atomization) to replace the water spray system in the existing kitchen hood. In addition, this study compared the existing (conventional) nozzles in the market such as KSJB model (water spray) and AL75 model (mist spray). Then, this study compared two nozzle designs of deflector nozzles that is ND2.5 A1.0 and ND2.5 B1.0. The difference between these two nozzles is the swirl angle. The swirl angles for ND2.5 A1.0 and ND2.5 B1.0 are 10o and 15o respectively. The use of the new nozzles is to reduce water consumption in the kitchen hood ventilation system. The other function is to introduce organic citric acid as an agent to absorb gas emitted during cooking, besides looking at the effect of nozzle design in limiting gas emission and reducing kitchen hood temperature during cooking. Several methods were used in this study, such as the development of a small size kitchen hood with one nozzle using water sensitive paper (WSP) to spray droplets with fluid pressure from one to six bar, using a gas analyzer for gas reading and thermocouple for temperature reading in the kitchen hood system. The results obtained from the comparison between KSJB model and AL75 model showed that the mist spray nozzle (AL75) is better than the water spray (KSJB) model. On average, the difference in gas emission percentage between AL75 and KSJB is 15.08 – 35.82 % while the difference in temperature is 2.98 – 11.35 %. Then, the comparison between the new nozzles shows that ND2.5 A1.0 is better than ND 2.5B1.0. On average, the difference in gas emission percentage between ND2.5 A1.0 and ND 2.5B1.0 is 2.65 – 24.32 % while the difference in temperature is 6.48 – 14.86 %. Lastly, comparison between AL75 and the new model which is ND2.5 A1.0 shows that ND2.5 A1.0 has better performance than AL75. On average, the difference in gas emission percentage between these two models is 13.12 – 33 % while the difference in temperature is 11.84 – 20.22 %. However, the AL75 nozzle can reduce water consumption by 60 – 80 % as compared to KSJB, depending on air pressure. The results show that the atomization nozzles (AL75, ND2.5 A1.0 and ND2.5 B1.0) have better effect than the water spray (KSJB) nozzle. The factors that improves kitchen hood performance are high spray angle, large droplet size and the usage of organic citric acid. In addition, mist spray can reduce water consumption and water pollution. In fact, the use of organic citric acid can reduce air pollution in the cooking process. For future studies, it is suggested to use an actual kitchen hood size for testing and the quantity for each nozzle type is increased in the kitchen hood system

Experts Knowledge Sharing System In Diagnosing Proton Car Engines

The proton car engine diagnosis system provides a broad range of technical expertise from top engines diagnosticians assembled in Proton cars to the mechanics or foremen at all Proton dealerships. The expertise provided by the system includes problem identification, analysis and solution. Current scenario that happened in service centre or at any dealership workshop is they still don‟t have a proper system to share and keep the knowledge of expertise so that the knowledge can be reused by others as well as can be retained in the company for future use. Experts‟ mechanics that have highly experienced skills and nonexperts mechanics that are still new and less experienced working together in a certain location to do services and repair any problems happened to the cars. However, there is time when the experts are not available and the non –experts don‟t have referees (experts) to be referred to about certain issues and then the problems arise. When non experts do not know how to fix things correctly, thus the mechanical faults will not being properly rectified thus leading to the creation of another fault which will significantly cause Proton customers to spend unnecessarily in getting their vehicle fixed. After recognising this problem matters, study had been conducted in order to produce a proper system that can be used as the knowledge sharing centre for the users at every level. Findings based on the survey and interviews had gave the system developer more ideas to further understand on the system functionalities and system development processes. Right after the development phase, the system had been tested by the users and the feedback was very impressive and there were few recommendations given by the users for the system improvements

Pelaksanaan sistem kerajaan eletronik dan impaknya terhadap organisasi dan masyarakat setempat: Kajian kes Majlis Bandaraya Alor Setar

This research aimed to study on the implementation of electronic government system in selected local authorities, Alor Setar City Council (MBAS) and its impacts on the organization and the local community. Electronic government was introduced on 1999 through Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) which was one of the plans under Vision 2020. In Malaysia, the main aim on introducing electronic government was to make it acts as a medium to transform government sector and also as the trigger of MSC development success. Electronic government system is also a transformation in enhancing service quality by local authorities towards local community. Therefore, government has taken several proactive initiatives in enhancing the electronic based administration and management of country, starting from the local authority level. Besides that, people had been exposed with consumers towards information and communication technology (ICT) which made the implementation of electronic government system, as people demands a service that is effective, efficient, practical, and fast in line with progress of the nation. The implementation of electronic government especially in local authorities has not only changed the way of service providing, it also changes the communication structure of the authorities with local people. The people get benefits in connecting with local authorities’ service and getting information by using the application provided by the local authorities. However, this study found that there are still some constraints that dampen the process in implementing electronic government fully in the local authority level because of lacks of innovation in providing services

Rainwater Treatment for Domestic Use

The insufficiency of clean water for today usage has been very critical case. This is due to increasing of population, modern urbanization and also pollution that can cause water source affected by contaminants. So, in order to overcome this problem, the interest is much in the filtering of roof-collected rainwater. One of the techniques was to treat the rainwater by UV irradiation and carbon adsorption. This study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of bacteria and another contamination removal from rainwater through ultraviolet irradiation and carbon adsorption. The parameter tested for rainwater was E-coli, coliform, turbidity and color. The rainwater was taken from tile roof at the student hostel, UTP. The experiment was conducted for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours continuous circulation passing through with UV lamp. The results for rainwater before undergo treatment was 1 MPN for E-coli, coliform 7.3 MPN, turbidity 1.97 NTU, color 5NTU and pH 7.76. After 24 hours treatment, the results for the treated rainwater was 0 MPN for E-coli, 0MPN for coliform, turbidity 3.19NTU, color 7.7NTU and pH 6.5. The treated rainwater was safe for domestic usage according to National Standard for Drinking Water Quality. The acceptable value for drinking water for drinking water is 0MPN/100ml for E-coli, coliform 0MPN/100ml, turbidity 5NTU, color 15NTU and 6.5-8.5 for pH

Benchtop Porosity Measurement Technique Using Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) Sensor

This report consists of five chapters which are introduction, literature review, methodology, expected results and conclusion. The introduction of the report mentioned the background study of the project, followed by problem statement, objectives and the scope of study. The main objective of this project is to design a sensor called Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) to measure porosity in a core sample. The conventional techniques used in lab, using Helium Porosimeter and Water Saturation methods are performed for comparison purposes. The literature review explained about the research done on topics, related to the project such as the design of ECT sensor and porosity measurement. ECT sensor is used to visualize and measure the permittivity distribution of a cross sectional area of vessel. The measurement is done by using multi-electrode capacitance sensor. For the methodology, it consisted of research methodology process flow, the project activities with the aid of key milestones diagram, the tools needed for the success of the project and experimental procedure to run the experiment. The project started by designing and fabricating the ECT Sensor. The ECT Sensor would then be used to measure porosity of core sample. The result will be in terms of tomography image, and porosity of the rock sample would then be measured. The porosity measured from ECT sensor would be compared with the conventional technique of porosity measurement in lab to identify the effectiveness of ECT sensor in measuring porosity. Based on the result, the measurement of ECT shows error more than 10% of the porosity value measured using helium porosimeter and water saturation technique. The ECT sensor may not be effective to measure porosity, yet with further improvement, the possibility of measuring and visualizing the porosity distribution of core sample can be done

Overview effect of biodiesel storage on properties and characteristics

Abstract. Biofuels based on vegetable oils offer the advantage being a sustainable and environmen-tally attractive alternative to conventional petroleum based fuel. The key issue in using vegetable oil-based fuels is oxidation stability, stoichiometric point, bio-fuel composition, antioxidants on the degradation and much oxygen with comparing to diesel gas oil. This provides a critical review of current understanding of main factor in storage method which affecting the biodiesel properties and characteristics. In the quest for fulfill the industry specifications standard; the fuel should be stored in a clean, dry and dark environment. Water and sediment contamination are basically housekeep-ing issues for biodiesel. Degradation by oxidation yields products that may compromise fuel proper-ties, impair fuel quality and engine performance. The effect of storage method on the fuel properties and burning process in biodiesel fuel combustion will strongly affects the exhaust emissions

THE STUDY OF 2D THERMAL DISTRIBUTIONS USING FLUENT SIMULATION PROGRAM FOR PASSIVE SOLAR CONCEPT ' OF LOW RISE. BUILDING

This report basically discusses the project research and basic understanding for one of the elements in the chosen topic, which is The Study of 2D Thermal Distributions Using Fluent Simulation Program for Passive Solar Concept of Low Rise Building. The general objective is to study the Green Building features for low rise residential building. This lead to the specific objective of the project which is to analyze the temperature distribution inside a low rise terrace house and simulate using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) program in order to compare the temperature distribution pattern. The method established was using the CFD simulation program, named Gambit and Fluent, with all the parameters and conditions set to obtain the temperature distribution in 2D dimension. The Green Building features were proposed into the subject rooms by modifYing the window dimension and proposed the air chimney at the room's ceiling. The results indicate that the temperature inside the master and single bedroom was reduced when the window dimension is increased and the proposed air chimney help to ventilate the room better. The study also shown that the simulated data was reliable compare to the measured data with an error less than 1%

An empirical studies of purchasing intention towards halal food among non-muslim consumers

The concept of halal has not been a major element among non-Muslim consumers, even for those who have lived in an Islamic country all their lives. Non-Muslim consumers lack the knowledge on the true meaning of halal food and view the concept only as a requirement for the Muslim. This has led them to ignore the advantages that could be obtained from purchasing halal food. Thus, the objective of the research is to explore whether attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and knowledge influenced the intention to purchase halal food among non-Muslim consumers in Malaysia. A survey was conducted in Klang Valley where 427 non-Muslim respondents clicked and answered a structured questionnaire via SurveyMonkey to gather the related information. Based on the multiple linear regression analysis, attitude, subjective norm and knowledge significantly influenced the intention to purchase halal food, while perceived behavioral control did not significantly influence the intention to purchase. The research findings indicated that non-Muslim individuals were inclined to purchase halal food when they knew or were informed by their peers on the true meaning of halal. Therefore, entrepreneurs, manufacturers and marketers must create an effective strategy to educate the existing non-Muslim customers in Malaysia as a preparation to attract non- Muslim consumers globally

Structural analysis of long arm excavator boom for optimization performance under maximum breakout condition

Long Arm Excavators are widely used in the construction site for excavating deep holes or trenches. However, due to the often-severe work conditions, such as large lifting loads, poor ground conditions to sustain the machine’s self-weight, Long Arm Excavator parts are subjected to constant wear and tear, incurring downtime losses and safety issues. The boom is considered the most critically affected part of the machine in these work conditions, where the high forces and unpredictable elements at the worksite could severely affect the machine’s overall performance. A potential solution is the reinforcement of the boom to improve its robustness. As an industrial collaborative project, the present study examines the performance of an existing machine with simulated improvement of the boom with such an approach, i.e. incorporation of stiffener reinforcement. Simulation works were carried out with Ansys Workbench 19.2 to assess the boom’s performance in terms of resulting stress, strain and deformation under a series of improved conditions, which include varying the dimensions and positions of the stiffeners on the boom. The improved conditions were Improvement I: stiffeners thickness reduction to 10mm, Improvement II: a combination of different stiffeners thickness reduction which 10mm and 8mm at critical and non-critical part of the boom, Improvement III: removal of half intermediate stiffeners thickness 12mm and Improvement IV: removal of half intermediate stiffeners thickness 8mm. Structural analysis was conducted based on the maximum breakout condition in which the excavator generates maximum digging force. From the analysis, it was found that the maximum equivalent stress of the boom decreased with the number of stiffeners. The combination of different stiffeners thickness could also increase the boom’s strength while decreasing the maximum equivalent stress. The lowest maximum equivalent stress of the boom was achieved via Improvement II with a reduction of 26.1% maximum equivalent stress. Removal of non-critical part stiffeners also kept stress values under the designated stress limits against fatigue failure, i.e. 44.49 MPa and 42.47 MPa (Improvement III and IV). In summary, the optimal design could be obtained with improvement II. This would effectively save on the manufacturing costs while maximizing the machine’s performance on-site, simultaneously reducing downtime and hence operating costs and time