The Influence of Chamber of Commerce on Small Businesses

Nonprofit chambers of commerce have a long history in western culture but little if any empirical research has been conducted to explore why a small business would join one. This study focuses on members’ evaluation of chamber assistance programs and benefits and how they mediate the impact of satisfaction and the perceived customer value of paid membership for chamber services. A mail census survey of all 2019 members, in a large category-four chamber of commerce, provided valid and reliable representation of existing membership demographics. Factor analysis identified four main benefits, whereas a LISREL model was applied to identify the mediating impact of relational benefits on satisfaction and perceived value. All four dominant benefits significantly correlated with both membership satisfaction and perceived value as did the correlation between satisfaction and perceived value. However, perceived value was found to have higher correlations with relational benefits than that of satisfaction. This study is important as it provides managers with a framework to identify and balance the benefits desired by the membership and adjust the level of expected satisfaction with perceived value in a nonprofit service-oriented assistance organization. Keywords: Chamber of Commerce, Small Businesses, Members Evaluatio

Química mineral y geotermobarometría de rocas gabroicas del área de Gysel, montañas de Alborz, Irán del norte

The gabbroic rocks in the Gysel area of the Central Alborz Mountains in north Iran are intruded into the Eocene Volcano-sedimentary units. The main gabbroic rocks varieties include gabbro porphyry, olivine gabbro, olivine dolerite and olivine monzo-gabbro. The main minerals phases in the rocks are plagioclase and pyroxene and the chief textures are sub-hedral granular, trachytoidic, porphyritic, intergranular and poikilitic. Electron microprobe analyses on minerals in the rock samples shows that plagioclase composition ranges from labradorite to bytonite, with oscillatory and normal chemical zonings. Clinopyroxene is augite and orthopyroxene is hypersthene to ferro-hypersthene. Thermometry calculations indicate temperatures of 650˚C to 750˚C for plagioclase crystallization and 950˚C to 1130˚C for pyroxene crystallization. Clinopyroxene chemistry reveals sub-alkaline and calc-alkaline nature for the parental magma emplaced in a volcanic arc setting.Las rocas gabroicas en el área de Gysel de las montañas Alborz Central en el norte de Irán se introducen en las unidades sedimentarias del volcán Eoceno. Las principales variedades de rocas gabroicas incluyen pórfido de gabro, gabro olivino, dolerita olivina y monzo-gabro olivino. Las principales fases minerales en las rocas son la plagioclasa y el piroxeno y las texturas principales son sub-hedral granular, trachytoidic, porfirita, intergranular y poikilitic. Los análisis de micro sonda electrónica sobre minerales en las muestras de roca muestran que la composición de plagioclasa varía de labradorita a bytonita, con zonificaciones químicas oscilatorias y normales. El clinopiroxeno es augita y el ortopiroxeno es hiperesteno a ferro-hiperesteno. Los cálculos de termometría indican temperaturas de 650 ° C a 750 ° C para la cristalización de plagioclasa y de 950 ° C a 1130 ° C para la cristalización de piroxeno. La química del clinopiroxeno revela la naturaleza subalcalina y calcálica alcalina para el magma parental emplazado en un entorno de arco volcánic

Química mineral y geotermobarometría de rocas gabroicas del área de Gysel, montañas de Alborz, Irán del norte

The gabbroic rocks in the Gysel area of the Central Alborz Mountains in north Iran are intruded into the Eocene Volcano-sedimentary units. The main gabbroic rocks varieties include gabbro porphyry, olivine gabbro, olivine dolerite and olivine monzo-gabbro. The main minerals phases in the rocks are plagioclase and pyroxene and the chief textures are sub-hedral granular, trachytoidic, porphyritic, intergranular and poikilitic. Electron microprobe analyses on minerals in the rock samples shows that plagioclase composition ranges from labradorite to bytonite, with oscillatory and normal chemical zonings. Clinopyroxene is augite and orthopyroxene is hypersthene to ferro-hypersthene. Thermometry calculations indicate temperatures of 650˚C to 750˚C for plagioclase crystallization and 950˚C to 1130˚C for pyroxene crystallization. Clinopyroxene chemistry reveals sub-alkaline and calc-alkaline nature for the parental magma emplaced in a volcanic arc setting.Las rocas gabroicas en el área de Gysel de las montañas Alborz Central en el norte de Irán se introducen en las unidades sedimentarias del volcán Eoceno. Las principales variedades de rocas gabroicas incluyen pórfido de gabro, gabro olivino, dolerita olivina y monzo-gabro olivino. Las principales fases minerales en las rocas son la plagioclasa y el piroxeno y las texturas principales son sub-hedral granular, trachytoidic, porfirita, intergranular y poikilitic. Los análisis de micro sonda electrónica sobre minerales en las muestras de roca muestran que la composición de plagioclasa varía de labradorita a bytonita, con zonificaciones químicas oscilatorias y normales. El clinopiroxeno es augita y el ortopiroxeno es hiperesteno a ferro-hiperesteno. Los cálculos de termometría indican temperaturas de 650 ° C a 750 ° C para la cristalización de plagioclasa y de 950 ° C a 1130 ° C para la cristalización de piroxeno. La química del clinopiroxeno revela la naturaleza subalcalina y calcálica alcalina para el magma parental emplazado en un entorno de arco volcánic

The relationship between the roles that managers play an administrative system to organizational effectiveness

این مقاله در مرحله نخست به تبیین نقش هایی که مدیران نظام اداری کشور در جهت افزایش اثر بخشی سازمانی ایفا می کنند مبادرت داشته و هشت دسته نقش را در قالب نوعی به عنوان یک الگوی مفهومی مورد شناسایی، و تشریح و تبیین قرار می دهد. در ادامه نتایج آزمون همبستگی پیرسون بین مولفه های نقش های مدیریتی و اثر بخشی سازمانی نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل واریانس برای تحلیل اختلاف معنی داری بین نقش هایی که مدیران نظام اداری در سطوح مختلف مدیریتی ایفا می کنند به صورت اولویت بندی نقش های مدیریتی در سطوح مختلف سازمانی به تفکیک تشریح می شود و در نهایت در بخش پایانی، یافته های پژوهش بر اساس سوالات مطرح شده مورد بررسی، بحث و نتیجه گیری قرار میگیرد

Química mineral y geotermobarometría de rocas gabroicas del área de Gysel, montañas de Alborz, Irán del norte

The gabbroic rocks in the Gysel area of the Central Alborz Mountains in north Iran are intruded into the Eocene Volcano-sedimentary units. The main gabbroic rocks varieties include gabbro porphyry, olivine gabbro, olivine dolerite and olivine monzo-gabbro. The main minerals phases in the rocks are plagioclase and pyroxene and the chief textures are sub-hedral granular, trachytoidic, porphyritic, intergranular and poikilitic. Electron microprobe analyses on minerals in the rock samples shows that plagioclase composition ranges from labradorite to bytonite, with oscillatory and normal chemical zonings. Clinopyroxene is augite and orthopyroxene is hypersthene to ferro-hypersthene. Thermometry calculations indicate temperatures of 650˚C to 750˚C for plagioclase crystallization and 950˚C to 1130˚C for pyroxene crystallization. Clinopyroxene chemistry reveals sub-alkaline and calc-alkaline nature for the parental magma emplaced in a volcanic arc setting.Las rocas gabroicas en el área de Gysel de las montañas Alborz Central en el norte de Irán se introducen en las unidades sedimentarias del volcán Eoceno. Las principales variedades de rocas gabroicas incluyen pórfido de gabro, gabro olivino, dolerita olivina y monzo-gabro olivino. Las principales fases minerales en las rocas son la plagioclasa y el piroxeno y las texturas principales son sub-hedral granular, trachytoidic, porfirita, intergranular y poikilitic. Los análisis de micro sonda electrónica sobre minerales en las muestras de roca muestran que la composición de plagioclasa varía de labradorita a bytonita, con zonificaciones químicas oscilatorias y normales. El clinopiroxeno es augita y el ortopiroxeno es hiperesteno a ferro-hiperesteno. Los cálculos de termometría indican temperaturas de 650 ° C a 750 ° C para la cristalización de plagioclasa y de 950 ° C a 1130 ° C para la cristalización de piroxeno. La química del clinopiroxeno revela la naturaleza subalcalina y calcálica alcalina para el magma parental emplazado en un entorno de arco volcánico

A fast hybrid refining optimization with sensitivity-based partitioning approach for truss structures

So far, several methods have been utilized for truss optimization where metaheuristic thechniqes have been used as one of the most common methods for such purpose. These thechniqes have received much attention due to their independence from gradient information and efficient global search property. In some of the metaheuristic thechniqes, random generation of the preliminary population leads to creation of repetitive population, dependency of final optimum solution on preliminary population, increasing of the number of analyses and reduction of the algorithm efficiency. To overcome these disadvantages, the present study employs some intelligent thechniqes for the generation and the selection of the population. So, a new metaheuristic algorithm called SPR is proposed for discrete truss optimization problems. The SPR algorithm is based on the sensitivity of the elements, the partitioning of the search space and the rebirthing of the optimization procedure. The structural members which are more sensitive to changing the cross-sectional areas are recognized through the procedure. In order to find the best approximate solution for any design variable, the search space is discritized to some partitions. Rebirthing technique searches for better optimum solutions around the last local optimum point for any design variable to end the stagnation states. The performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated using several benchmark size optimization problems of truss structures from the literature. In comparison to the available results in the literature, the proposed SPR algorithm showed capable of obtaining the optimum design with much lesser computational attempt