Effect of intercropping to the diameter of girth of rubber tree / Nurul Farahana Ruslin

Hevea brasiliensis or rubber is the primary source of natural rubber. Rubber has been used for centuries in thousand ways. During initial phase of rubber tree plantation, the farmers planted other crop on the same piece of land which known as intercropping system. This case study was purpose to study the effect of intercropping system on the diameter of girth of rubber tree in two different area in Projek Getah Untuk Pribumi (GUP) in Kampung Orang Asli Tohor, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan. The objective of this case study is to determine whether or not intercrop give an effect to the diameter of girth of rubber tree. One of the area consist of rubber tree planted with banana as an intercrop and the other area consist of rubber plantation only without intercropping system. Three years data are used in this case study from October 2013 until October 2016. This case study showed that there is an effect of intercrop on the diameter of girth of rubber since the statistical analysis showed that there is a significant difference in the diameter of girth of rubber tree between both areas. In conclusion, the intercropping system did affect the diameter of girth of rubber tree since the banana and rubber compete for the sources to live

Soil mounding practices on performances of oil palm in peat soil in P.T. Nafasindo Acheh Singkil, Indonesia / Nurul Farahana Hazira Hazlee

The secondary data has been taken at P.T Nafasindo Acheh Singkil, Indonesia during semester break. The data was analysed by using Sigma Plot and Microsoft Excel software. Soil mounding application is one of the best management practices that can help to increase the oil palm production in peat area. The peat soils are high in organic matter and have very fertile soil for oil palm cultivation (Murtedza et al, 2002). The tendency of the oil palm become lean and falling down are very high, if the oil palms are planted in the peat soil area. The roots of the palm tree also will appear on the ground of the soil surface. So, these practices have been done to prevent the oil palm become lean and falling down. Furthermore, these practices can enhance root growth and the root can uptake enough nutrient for the oil palm uptake. The result of this study this study was indicated that there is a significant difference in the yield and nutritive value of the oil palm when soil mounding is applied

The effectiveness of diphenyltin (IV) and triphenyltin (IV) alkylphenyldithiocarbamate compounds as insecticide against aedes aegypti LINN. (Diptera: Culicidae) in laboratory

The development of using insecticide of organotin(IV) compound against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes have been explored and test the effectiveness of compound to prevent resistance insecticide. The aim of this research was to examine the insecticidal effect which is larvisidal and adulticidal effect two series of diphenyltin(IV) and triphenyltin(IV) alkylphenyldithiocarbamate compounds against Ae. aegypti in laboratory. Four compounds which diphenyltin(IV) ethylphenylditiocarbamate (DFEF), triphenyltin(IV) ethylphenylditiocarbamate (TFEF), diphenyltin(IV) butylphenylditiocarbamate (DFBF) and triphenyltin(IV) butylphenylditiocarbamate(DFBF) were carried out larvicidal bioassay testing against third instar larvae of Aedes aegypti. Based on activity of larvicidal testing, further study was continued to compound WHO showed the best activity larvicidal to test adulticide effect against female mosquito adults of Aedes aegypti. The results showed that TFEF compound showed the best larvicidal effect with LC50 and LC90 values of 0.082 ppm and 0.184 ppm, respectively. Therefore, TFBF compound showed a good larvicide effect with LC50 and LC90 values of 0.108 ppm and 0.273 ppm respectively. However, both of two compounds DFEF and DFBF were not a good of larvicide effect. Based on adultisial testing, TFEF compound not showed good activity of adulticidal effect with high LC50 and LC90 values which is 31,556.03 ppm and 98,427.05 ppm respectively. TFEF compound not show the good adulticide effect but it has potential to develop as larvicide. In conclusion, further study was needed to elucidate and ensure this compound will be used safely as larvicide

Phase diagrams of Potts model with competing binary-ternary-quaternary interactions on Cayley tree

We study the phase diagrams for the Potts model with competing binary, ternary and quaternary interactions on Cayley tree of order 2. At vanishing temperature T, the phase diagram is fully determined for all values of competing binary, ternary and quaternary interactions. We extend the results (for the case Jq = 0) obtained by Ganikhodjaev et. al. [9]. The results show that the appearance of addition phases: antiferromagnetic and Period 6, in the case of nonzero quaternary interactions for several ranges. Then, we investigate the modulated phase, with the phase being indicated by many different types of commensurate and incommensurate phases by plotting the wavevectors versus temperature. Lastly, the Lyapunov exponent is used to verify the stability of the periods

Crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analyses of bis[N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)dithiocarbamato-κ2 S,S′]di-n-butyltin(IV) and [N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-methyldithiocarbamato-κ2 S,S′]triphenyltin(IV)

The crystal and molecular structures of the two title organotin dithiocarbamate compounds, [Sn(C4H9)2(C7H14NO2S2)2], (I), and [Sn(C6H5)3(C5H10NOS2)], (II), are described. Both structures feature asymmetrically bound dithiocarbamate ligands leading to a skew-trapezoidal bipyramidal geometry for the metal atom in (I) and a distorted tetrahedral geometry in (II). The complete molecule of (I) is generated by a crystallographic twofold axis (Sn site symmetry 2). In the crystal of (I), molecules self-assemble into a supramolecular array parallel to (101) via methylene-C—H...O(methoxy) interactions. In the crystal of (II), supramolecular dimers are formed via pairs of weak phenyl-C—H...π(phenyl) contacts. In each of (I) and (II), the specified assemblies connect into a threedimensional architecture without directional interactions between them. Hirshfeld surface analyses confirm the importance of H...H contacts in the molecular packing of each of (I) and (II), and in the case of (I), highlight the importance of short methoxy-H...H(butyl) contacts between layers

[N-Benzyl-N-(2-phenylethyl)dithiocarbamato-κ2S,S′]triphenyltin(IV) and [bis(2-methoxyethyl)dithiocarbamato-κ2S,S′]triphenyltin(IV): crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analysis

The crystal and molecular structures of two triphenyltin dithiocarbamates, [Sn(C6H5)3(C16H16NS2)], (I), and [Sn(C6H5)3(C7H14NO2S2)], (II), are described. In (I), the dithiocarbamate ligand coordinates the SnIV atom in an asymmetric manner, leading to a highly distorted trigonal–bipyramidal coordination geometry defined by a C3S2 donor set with the weakly bound S atom approximately trans to one of the ipso-C atoms. A similar structure is found in (II), but the dithiocarbamate ligand coordinates in an even more asymmetric fashion. The packing in (I) features supramolecular chains along the c axis sustained by C—H...π interactions; chains pack with no directional interactions between them. In (II), supramolecular layers are formed, similarly sustained by C—H...π interactions; these stack along the b axis. An analysis of the Hirshfeld surfaces for (I) and (II) confirms the presence of the C—H...π interactions but also reveals the overall dominance of H...H contacts in the respective crystals

Crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analyses of (N-hexyl-N-methyldithiocarbamato-κ2 S,S′)triphenyltin(IV) and [N-methyl-N-(2-phenylethyl)dithiocarbamato-κ2 S,S′]triphenyltin(IV)

The crystal and molecular structures of two triphenyltin dithiocarbamate compounds, viz. [Sn(C6H5)3(C8H16NS2)], (I), and [Sn(C6H5)3(C10H12NS2)], (II), are described. The dithiocarbamate ligand in each molecule coordinates in an asymmetric fashion resulting in heavily distorted tetrahedral C3S coordination geometries for the Sn atoms, with the distortions traced to the close approach of the non-coordinating thione-S atom. The molecular packing in both compounds features C—H....Sn-phenyl) interactions. In (I), the donors are Sn-phenylC—H groups leading to centrosymmetric aggregates, while in (II), the donors are both Sn-phenyl-C—H and methyl-C—H groups leading to supramolecular chains propagating along the b axis. The identified aggregates assemble into their respective crystals with no directional interactions between them. An analysis of the Hirshfeld surfaces show distinctive patterns, but an overwhelming predominance (>99% in each case) of H...H, C...H/H...C and S...H/H...S contacts on the respective Hirshfeld surface

Di-n-butylbis[N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-methyldithiocarbamato-κ2S,S′]tin(IV): crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis

The complete molecule of the title compound, [Sn(C4H9)2(C5H10NOS2)2], is generated by a crystallographic mirror plane, with the SnIV atom and the two inner methylene C atoms of the butyl ligands lying on the mirror plane; statistical disorder is noted in the two terminal ethyl groups, which deviate from mirror symmetry. The dithiocarbamate ligand coordinates to the metal atom in an asymmetric mode with the resulting C2S4 donor set defining a skew trapezoidal bipyramidal geometry; the n-butyl groups are disposed to lie over the longer Sn—S bonds. Supramolecular chains aligned along the a-axis direction and sustained by methylene-C—H...S(weakly coordinating) interactions feature in the molecular packing. A Hirshfeld surface analysis reveals the dominance of H...H contacts in the crystal