Microaerophilic–aerobic sequential decolourization/biodegradation of textile azo dyes by a facultative Klebsiella sp. strain VN-31

Four different azo dyes were decolourized and biodegraded in a sequential microaerophilic–aerobic treatment by a facultative Klebsiella sp. strain VN-31, a bacterium isolated from activated sludge process of the textile industry. Dye decolourization was performed under microaerophilic conditions until no colour was observed (decolourization percentage >94%). The medium was then aerated to promote the biodegradation of the amines produced. The presence of aromatic amine in the microaerophilic stage and its absence in the aerobic stage demonstrate azo bond reduction and an oxidative biodegradation process, respectively. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) reduction for the growth medium plus dyes was ∼50% in the microaerophilic stage and ∼80% in the aerobic stage. The degradation products were also characterized by FT-IR and UV–vis techniques and their toxicity measured using Daphnia magna. The results provide evidence that the successive microaerophilic/aerobic stages, using a single Klebsiella sp. strain VN-31 in the same bioreactor, were able to form aromatic amines by the reductive break down of the azo bond and to oxidize them into non-toxic metabolites.The authors would like to thank the Portuguese Foundation of Science and Technology (FCT) for providing the grant to Andrea Zille (SFRH/BPD/24238/2005) and the Brazilian Foundations for the Coordination of Training Graduated Pessoal of the Ministry of Education (CAPES) and the National Counsel for Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) for providing the grant to Elisangela Franciscon

Polymerization study of the aromatic amines generated by the biodegradation of azo dyes using the laccase enzyme

Four different azo dyes were decolorized (color reduction >90%) by bacteria isolated from a textile wastewater effluent. Dye decolorizing was carried out under microaerobic conditions until completion, after which the aromatic amine concentration was determined. A laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila was used to catalyze coupling reactions of the aromatic amines produced from decolorizing the dyes. The reaction was carried out with stirring (100 rpm) in a weak acidic buffer solution (pH 5.0) at 45 °C for 3 days. The presence of aromatic amines in the samples after bacterial decolorizing confirmed the azo bond was reduced in the process. In addition, the UV–vis spectrum was shifted significantly after the sequential bacterial-laccase treatment also indicating a chemical transformation of the dyes. After laccase treatment the solutions formed colored soluble and precipitated products. The particles sizes making up the precipitates formed after laccase treatment varied between 105 and 483 nm as determined by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS). The laccase treatment also reduced the COD of the dye solutions by ∼20%. We show that successive bacterial-laccase treatment is effective in decolorized azo dyes by reduction of the azo bonds, and promoting coupling reactions between the aromatic amines formed. Promoting coupling reactions between the aromatic amines using enzymes may prove useful for the physical removal and reuse of these amines.The authors would like to thank the Brazilian Foundation Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior of the Ministry of Education (CAPES) and the National Counsel for Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) for providing grants to Elisangela Franciscon

Antiviral Activity Of Bacillus Sp. Isolated From The Marine Sponge Petromica Citrina Against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, A Surrogate Model Of The Hepatitis C Virus

The Hepatitis C virus causes chronic infections in humans, which can develop to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The Bovine viral diarrhea virus is used as a surrogate model for antiviral assays for the HCV. From marine invertebrates and microorganisms isolated from them, extracts were prepared for assessment of their possible antiviral activity. Of the 128 tested, 2 were considered active and 1 was considered promising. The best result was obtained from the extracts produced from the Bacillus sp. isolated from the sponge Petromica citrina. The extracts 555 (500 μg/mL, SI>18) and 584 (150 μg/mL, SI 27) showed a percentage of protection of 98% against BVDV, and the extract 616, 90% of protection. All of them showed activity during the viral adsorption. Thus, various substances are active on these studied organisms and may lead to the development of drugs which ensure an alternative therapy for the treatment of hepatitis C. © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.5512191230Yasuhara-Bell, J., Yang, Y., Barlow, R., Trapido-Rosental, H., Lu, Y., In vitro evaluation of marine microorganism extracts for antiviral activity (2010) Virol. J., 7, p. 182Ravikumar, Y.S., Upasana, R., Nandhitha, M., Perween, A., Naika, H.R., Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by herbal extract: Phyllanthus amarus as a potent natural source (2011) Virus Res., 158, pp. 89-97Li, H., Stoddard, M.B., Wang, S., Blair, L.M., Giorgi, E.E., Elucidation of Hepatitis C Virus Transmission and Early Diversification by Single Genome sequencing (2012) PLoS Pathog., 8, pp. e1002880Suzuki, T., Ishii, K., Aizaki, H., Wakita, T., Hepatitis C viral life cycle (2007) Adv. Drug Del. 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Enhanced reduction of COD and aromatics in petroleum-produced water using indigenous microorganisms and nutrient addition

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Petroleum reservoir produced water is a high volume waste stream that is frequently hypersaline with a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) as well as containing water soluble aromatic compounds such as phenols. Biological treatment of produced water is problematic due to the high saline content, which inhibits conventional wastewater treatment systems. Phenol, benzoic acid, and para-hydroxybenzoic acid degrading Halomonas sp. were isolated from hypersaline produced water (100 g l(-1) NaCl) from a standard storage facility demonstrating that the indigenous microbial population had the potential to degrade aromatic compounds. Addition of specific nitrogen, phosphorous, and carbon sources under aerobic conditions was shown to stimulate the indigenous population. Chemical oxygen demand reduction increased from 20% without additions to as much as 65-80% with the addition of low levels of phosphate combined with alanine or glucuronic acid, or tryptone in combination with glucuronic acid. Phenol and benzoic acid were also shown to be significantly reduced in those cultures where significant improvement in COD reduction was observed. The results indicated that the indigenous microbial population in hypersaline produced water can be used to successfully reduce the COD and remove aromatic compounds using nutrient addition without dilution of the saline content. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.687884Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Phylogenetic Analysis Of The Microbial Community In Hypersaline Petroleum Produced Water From The Campos Basin

In this work the archaea and eubacteria community of a hypersaline produced water from the Campos Basin that had been transported and discharged to an onshore storage facility was evaluated by 16S recombinant RNA (rRNA) gene sequence analysis. The produced water had a hypersaline salt content of 10 (w/v), had a carbon oxygen demand (COD) of 4,300 mg/l and contains phenol and other aromatic compounds. The high salt and COD content and the presence of toxic phenolic compounds present a problem for conventional discharge to open seawater. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the COD and phenolic content could be largely removed under aerobic conditions, without dilution, by either addition of phenol degrading Haloarchaea or the addition of nutrients alone. In this study our goal was to characterize the microbial community to gain further insight into the persistence of reservoir community members in the produced water and the potential for bioremediation of COD and toxic contaminants. Members of the archaea community were consistent with previously identified communities from mesothermic reservoirs. All identified archaea were located within the phylum Euryarchaeota, with 98 % being identified as methanogens while 2 % could not be affiliated with any known genus. Of the identified archaea, 37 % were identified as members of the strictly carbon-dioxide-reducing genus Methanoplanus and 59 % as members of the acetoclastic genus Methanosaeta. No Haloarchaea were detected, consistent with the need to add these organisms for COD and aromatic removal. Marinobacter and Halomonas dominated the eubacterial community. The presence of these genera is consistent with the ability to stimulate COD and aromatic removal with nutrient addition. In addition, anaerobic members of the phyla Thermotogae, Firmicutes, and unclassified eubacteria were identified and may represent reservoir organisms associated with the conversion hydrocarbons to methane. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

Identification And Characterization Of Aromatic Degrading Halomonas In Hypersaline Produced Water And Cod Reduction By Bioremediation By The Indigenous Microbial Population Using Nutrient Addition

Hypersaline produced water is a high volume waste stream that is typically contaminated by toxic low molecular weight aromatic compounds exemplified by phenol. Aromatic compound degrading Halomonas were isolated from hypersaline produced water obtained from offshore operations in Brazil, which had a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 4300 mg/L. These isolates were able to aerobically degrade the oxygenated aromatics phenol, benzoic acid, para-hydroxybenzoic acid and some isolates were shown to produce aromatic dioxygenase activities associated with highly conserved aromatic degradation pathways utilized by a broad range of aromatic degrading bacteria. The presence of aromatic degrading bacteria in the hypersaline produced water suggested that the COD content could be reduced by bioremediation using the indigenous microbial population by the addition of nutrients. Using this approach a variety of nitrogen, phosphorous and carbons sources were identified that individually or in combination significantly improved the reduction in COD after aerobic incubation. These results demonstrate the potential of applying bioremediation to undiluted hypersaline produced water for COD reduction and aromatic compound removal. Copyright © 2012, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.27385390Arnold, R., Burnett, D.B., Elphick, J., Feeley III, T.J., Galbrun, M., Hightower, M., Jiang, Z., Verbeek, P., Managing water-from waste to resource (2004) Oilfield Review, 16 (2), pp. 26-41Ausubel, F.M.R., Kinston, R.E., Moore, D.D., Seidman, J.G., Smith, J.A., Strhl, K., (1989) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, , John Wiley & Sons, New York, USAClark, C.E., Veil, J.A., (2009) A White Paper Describing Produced Water Volumes and Managements Pratices in the United States, , Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois for the U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, USAFairley, D.J., Boyd, D.R., Sharma, N.D., Allen, C.C., Morgan, P., Larkin, M.J., Aerobic metabolism of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in Archaea via an unusual pathway involving an intramolecular migration (NIH shift) (2002) Applied Environmental Microbiology, 68, pp. 6246-6255García, M.T., Ventosa, A., Mellado, E., Catabolic versatility of aromatic compound-degrading halophilic bacteria (2005) FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 54 (1), pp. 97-109Lefebvre, O., Moletta, R., Treatment of organic pollution in industrial saline wastewater: A literature review (2006) Water Research, 40, pp. 3671-3682Masai, E., Yamada, A., Healey, J.M., Hatta, T., Kimbara, K., Fukuda, M., Yano, K., Characterization of biphenyl catabolic genes of Gram-positive polychlorinated biphenyl degrader Rhodococcus sp. strain RHA1 (1995) Applied Environmental Microbiology, 61, pp. 2079-2085Oie, C.S., Albaugh, C.E., Peyton, B.M., Benzoate and salicylate degradation by Halomonas campisalis, an alkaliphilic and moderately halophilic microorganism (2007) Water Research, 41, pp. 1235-1242Ornston, L.N., Stanier, R.Y., The conversion of catechol and protocatechuate to β- Ketoadipate by Pseudomonas putida (1966) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 241, pp. 3776-3786Speight, J.G., (2007) The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, , 4th edn. Marcel Dekker, New York,USAVeil, J.A., Puder, M., Elcock, D., Redweik, R.Jr., (2004) A White Paper Describing Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Bed Methane, , Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois for the U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, USAWolin, E.A., Wolin, M.J., Wolfe, R.S., Formation of methane by bacterial extracts (1963) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 238, pp. 2882-2886Yang, C., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Niu, Y., Du, M., He, X., Ma, C., Xu, P., Metabolic versatility of halotolerant and alkaliphilic strains of Halomonas isolated from alkaline black liquor (2010) Bioresource Technology, 101, pp. 6778-6784Zhao, B., Wang, H., Mao, X., Li, R., Biodegradation of phenanthrene by a halophilic bacterial consortium under aerobic conditions (2009) Current Microbiology, 58 (3), pp. 205-210Zhuang, X., Han, Z., Bai, Z., Zhuang, G., Shim, H., Progress in decontamination by halophilic microorganisms in saline wastewater and soil (2010) Environmental Pollution, 158, pp. 1119-211

Production And Properties Of A Surface-active Lipopeptide Produced By A New Marine Brevibacterium Luteolum Strain

Microbial-derived surfactants are molecules of great interest due to their environmentally friendly nature and low toxicity; however, their production cost is not competitive when compared to synthetics. Marine microorganisms are exposed to extremes of pressure, temperature, and salinity; hence, they can produce stable compounds under such conditions that are useful for industrial applications. A screening program to select marine bacteria able to produce biosurfactant using low-cost substrates (mineral oil, sucrose, soybean oil, and glycerol) was conducted. The selected bacterial strain showed potential to synthesize biosurfactants using mineral oil as carbon source and was identified as Brevibacterium luteolum. The surface-active compound reduced the surface tension of water to 27 mN m-1 and the interfacial tension (water/hexadecane) to 0.84 mN m-1 and showed a critical micelle concentration of 40 mg L-1. The biosurfactant was stable over a range of temperature, pH, and salt concentration and the emulsification index (E24) with different hydrocarbons ranging from 60 to 79 %. Structural characterization revealed that the biosurfactant has a lipopeptide nature. Sand washing removed 83 % of crude oil demonstrating the potential of the biosurfactants (BS) for bioremediation purposes. The new marine B. luteolum strain showed potential to produce high surface-active and stable molecule using a low-cost substrate. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York