28 research outputs found

    Parties to Offences under the Canadian Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes Act : an Analysis of Principal Liability and Complicity

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    The Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes Act presents an interesting mosaic of law applicable to the domestic prosecution of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. The definitions of offences refer essentially to international law, whereas the available defences, justifications and excuses are those of both Canadian law and international law, and the modes of participation in offences are exclusively those of Canadian law. This raises the question of the relevance and effectiveness of the legislative choice to apply domestic law to the principles of liability for international crimes. The present study offers a preliminary and limited analysis of certain modes of participation in offences provided for by the Act, namely perpetration and complicity pursuant to section 21 of the Criminal Code. This analysis aims at assessing, in light of the principles developed in international criminal law with respect to individual responsibility, whether and how Canadian law may be adapted to the particular — collective — nature of international crimes.La Loi sur les crimes contre l’humanitĂ© et les crimes de guerre prĂ©sente une mosaĂŻque intĂ©ressante en ce qui concerne le droit applicable aux poursuites des crimes de gĂ©nocide, crimes contre l’humanitĂ© et crimes de guerre devant les tribunaux canadiens. Les dĂ©finitions qu’elle offre des infractions se rĂ©fĂšrent essentiellement au droit international, tandis que les moyens de dĂ©fenses disponibles sont ceux du droit canadien et du droit international, et que les modes de participation aux infractions sont exclusivement ceux prĂ©vus par le droit pĂ©nal canadien. Ce dernier aspect soulĂšve la question de la pertinence et de l’utilitĂ© effective de ce choix du lĂ©gislateur de fonder sur le droit national les principes de responsabilitĂ© pĂ©nale individuelle pour des crimes internationaux. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude offre une Ă©bauche d’analyse de certains des modes de participation aux infractions prĂ©vus par la Loi, soit la commission et la complicitĂ© de l’article 21 du Code criminel. Cette analyse vise Ă  Ă©valuer, Ă  la lumiĂšre des principes dĂ©veloppĂ©s en droit international pĂ©nal relatifs Ă  la responsabilitĂ© individuelle, si ou comment ces principes de droit canadien pourront s’adapter Ă  la nature particuliĂšre — collective — des crimes internationaux

    The constitutional system of Canada

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    Conferencia pronunciada por la profesora Fannie Lafontaine en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de MĂĄlaga el 29 de mayo de 2014 sobre el sistema constitucional de CanadĂĄUniversidad de MĂĄlaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional AndalucĂ­a Tech

    Justice in Conflict and Conflicts about Justice: International Criminal Law in Times of High

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    En este ensayo se analizan algunos aspectos del contexto que marca el nacimiento de la jurisdicciĂłn penal internacional permanente - la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI)- a saber, las expectativas que se colocaron en las instituciones de justicia penal inteThis paper analyzes some aspects of the context that marks the birth of the permanent international criminal court the International Criminal Court (ICC)-namely the expectations that were placed upon the institutions of international criminal justice in

    Beyond Self-Congratulations: The Charter at 25 in an International Perspective

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    On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the authors situate the Canadian human rights evolution in an international context. They look first at the context of the Charters adoption and the characteristics that make it an agent of positive social change in Canada. Secondly, they discuss three areas where interaction between international legal values and our domestic human rights system can be rendered more effective: a) the use of international law in defining the content and possible limitations of Charter rights; b) the increased necessity for a better implementation of international human rights obligations and interaction with international bodies; and c) the appropriateness of Canada\u27s full integration to the Americas\u27 human rights system. They conclude by discussing briefly two key challenges ahead for meaningful rights protection in Canada, namely the full recognition of economic, social, and cultural rights and access to justice

    Amicus Curiae Observations on the “Prosecution’s Request for a Ruling on Jurisdiction under Article 19(3) of the Statute”

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    The Amici Curiae (‘the Amici’) have been granted leave by Pre-Trial Chamber I (‘the Chamber’) to submit observations in the present proceeding, which derives from the Prosecutor’s request under art. 19(3) for a ruling on whether the Court may exercise jurisdiction over the alleged deportation of the Rohingya people from Myanmar to Bangladesh. The Amici respectfully offer the Chamber observations on the novel legal issues raised by the Prosecutor’s Request: (II) the scope of art. 19(3) and the powers of the Prosecutor to seek a ruling on jurisdiction before a formal situation has been assigned to it; (III) the scope of territorial jurisdiction under art. 12(2)(a); and (IV) the scope of the crime of deportation under art. 7(1)(d)

    Regards critiques de jeunes chercheurs sur certains des grands enjeux de la justice internationale pénale

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    Lafontaine Fannie. Regards critiques de jeunes chercheurs sur certains des grands enjeux de la justice internationale pĂ©nale. In: Revue QuĂ©bĂ©coise de droit international, volume 1-1, 2017. Hors-sĂ©rie dĂ©cembre 2017 – Etudes de certains grands enjeux de la justice internationale pĂ©nale. pp. 1-7

    Regards critiques de jeunes chercheurs sur certains des grands enjeux de la justice internationale pénale

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    Lafontaine Fannie. Regards critiques de jeunes chercheurs sur certains des grands enjeux de la justice internationale pĂ©nale. In: Revue QuĂ©bĂ©coise de droit international, volume 1-1, 2017. Hors-sĂ©rie dĂ©cembre 2017 – Etudes de certains grands enjeux de la justice internationale pĂ©nale. pp. 1-7

    THE UNBEARABLE LIGHTNESS OF INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS: WHEN AND HOW TO EXERCISE JURISDICTION UNDER CANADA’S CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY AND WAR CRIMES ACT

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    This study offers an analysis of “when” and “how” Canada may –or must– exercise jurisdiction over suspected perpetrators of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. The first part looks at the legislative choices made in the Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes Act as to temporal, territorial and extraterritorial jurisdiction, including universal jurisdiction and the requirement of the presence of the accused on Canada’s territory, in light of the correlative rules and obligations of international law. The second part of the study is concerned with “how” Canada will –or should– decide to exercise jurisdiction. It describes the political safeguards put in place by the Act and assesses the criteria that guide –or should guide– the exercise of prosecutorial discretion. The “when” and the “how” are clearly intertwined. Indeed, the criteria upon which the Attorney General should base his or her decision to prosecute a person cannot– or should not– be dissociated from Canada’s international obligations and responsibilities in this regard. This study examines Canada’s approach regarding suspected war criminals present on its territory, which combines criminal and administrative remedies. It assesses some of the challenges it faces in living up to its commitment to fight impunity for the worst international crimes, in light of the “unbearable lightness” of international obligations.Cette Ă©tude offre une analyse de « quand » et « comment » le Canada peut ou doit exercer sa compĂ©tence sur les prĂ©sumĂ©s auteurs de gĂ©nocide, de crimes contre l’humanitĂ© et de crimes de guerre. La premiĂšre partie met de l’avant une analyse critique des bases temporelle, territoriale et extraterritoriale de compĂ©tence prĂ©vues par la Loi sur les crimes contre l’humanitĂ© et les crimes de guerre, notamment la compĂ©tence universelle et l’exigence de la prĂ©sence de l’accusĂ© sur le territoire canadien, Ă  la lumiĂšre des rĂšgles et obligations corrĂ©latives prĂ©vues par le droit international. L’aspect « comment » en seconde partie dĂ©crit le rĂŽle du Procureur gĂ©nĂ©ral du Canada dans l’ouverture de poursuites et les critĂšres qui fondent – ou devraient fonder – l’exercice de sa discrĂ©tion Ă  cet Ă©gard. Le « quand » et le « comment » sont intimement liĂ©s. En effet, les critĂšres sur lesquels le Procureur gĂ©nĂ©ral devrait fonder sa dĂ©cision de poursuivre une personne ne peuvent pas ĂȘtre dissociĂ©s des obligations et responsabilitĂ©s internationales du Canada. Cette Ă©tude examine l’approche du Canada relativement aux prĂ©sumĂ©s criminels de guerre se trouvant sur son territoire, une approche qui combine des mĂ©canismes pĂ©naux et administratifs. Elle Ă©value les dĂ©fis auxquels il fait face dans l’exĂ©cution de son rĂŽle dans la lutte contre l’impunitĂ© pour les crimes internationaux les plus graves, face Ă  « l’insoutenable lĂ©gĂšreté » des obligations internationales

    The Unbearable Lightness of International Obligations: When and How to Exercise Jurisdiction under Canada's Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes Act

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    This study offers an analysis of “when” and “how” Canada may – or must– exercise jurisdiction over suspected perpetrators of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. The first part looks at the legislative choices made in the Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes Act as to temporal, territorial and extraterritorial jurisdiction, including universal jurisdiction and the requirement of the presence of the accused on Canada’s territory, in light of the correlative rules and obligations of international law. The second part of the study is concerned with “how” Canada will – or should-decide to exercise jurisdiction. It describes the political safeguards put in place by the Act and assesses the criteria that guide – or should guide-the exercise of prosecutorial discretion. The “when” and the “how” are clearly intertwined. Indeed, the criteria upon which the Attorney General should base his or her decision to prosecute a person cannot-or should not-be dissociated from Canada’s international obligations and responsibilities in this regard. This study examines Canada’s approach regarding suspected war criminals present on its territory, which combines criminal and administrative remedies. It assesses some of the challenges it faces in living up to its commitment to fight impunity for the worst international crimes, in light of the “unbearable lightness” of international obligations.Cette Ă©tude offre une analyse de «quand» et «comment» le Canada peut ou doit exercer sa compĂ©tence sur les prĂ©sumĂ©s auteurs de gĂ©nocide, de crimes contre l'humanitĂ© et de crimes de guerre. La premiĂšre partie met de l’avant une analyse critique des bases temporelle, territoriale et extraterritoriale de compĂ©tence prĂ©vues par la Loi sur les crimes contre l’humanitĂ© et les crimes de guerre, notamment la compĂ©tence universelle et l'exigence de la prĂ©sence de l'accusĂ© sur le territoire canadien, Ă  la lumiĂšre des rĂšgles et obligations corrĂ©latives prĂ©vues par le droit international. L’aspect «comment» en seconde partie dĂ©crit le rĂŽle du Procureur gĂ©nĂ©ral du Canada dans l''ouverture de poursuites et les critĂšres qui fondent – ou devraient fonder – l’exercice de sa discrĂ©tion Ă  cet Ă©gard. Le «quand » et le «comment » sont intimement liĂ©s. En effet, les critĂšres sur lesquels le Procureur gĂ©nĂ©ral devrait fonder sa dĂ©cision de poursuivre une personne ne peuvent pas ĂȘtre dissociĂ©s des obligations et responsabilitĂ©s internationales du Canada. Cette Ă©tude examine l’approche du Canada relativement aux prĂ©sumĂ©s criminels de guerre se trouvant sur son territoire, une approche qui combine des mĂ©canismes pĂ©naux et administratifs. Elle Ă©value les dĂ©fis auxquels il fait face dans l’exĂ©cution de son rĂŽle dans la lutte contre l’impunitĂ© pour les crimes internationaux les plus graves, face Ă  «l’insoutenable lĂ©gĂšreté» des obligations internationales.Lafontaine Fannie. The Unbearable Lightness of International Obligations: When and How to Exercise Jurisdiction under Canada's Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes Act. In: Revue QuĂ©bĂ©coise de droit international, volume 23-2, 2010. pp. 1-50

    La compĂ©tence universelle au Canada: le droit chemin tracĂ© par la Cour d’appel du QuĂ©bec dans Munyaneza

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    This column analyzes the judgment of the Quebec Court of Appeal of 7 May 2014 in the case involving DĂ©sirĂ© Munyaneza, a Rwandan prosecuted in Canada for participating in the genocide in Rwanda in 1994. It allows to scrutinize the interpretation of the Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes Act, applied for the first time by an appellate court in Canada, and to provide a critical look at the current state of the law applicable to prosecutions in Canada in the exercise of universal jurisdiction for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. The author focuses on the main findings of the judgment by briefly assessing the evidence and issues relating to the fairness of the proceedings, and by focusing on the characteristics of the indictment in trials of this nature, on the temporal application of the law regarding war crimes in noninternational armed conflicts, as well as on the definitions of crimes adopted by the Court of Appeal. Finally, the analysis also leads the author to focus on Canada''s policy regarding the prosecution of individuals suspected of involvement in the commission of international crimes who are present on its territory.La prĂ©sente chronique analyse l’arrĂȘt rendu par la Cour d’appel du QuĂ©bec le 7 mai 2014 dans l’affaire impliquant DĂ©sirĂ© Munyaneza, un rwandais poursuivi au Canada pour sa participation au gĂ©nocide perpĂ©trĂ© au Rwanda en 1994. Elle permet de scruter l’interprĂ©tation donnĂ©e Ă  la Loi sur les crimes contre l’humanitĂ© et les crimes de guerre, appliquĂ©e pour la premiĂšre fois par un tribunal d’appel au Canada, et d’offrir un regard critique sur l’état du droit actuel applicable aux poursuites entreprises au Canada dans l’exercice de la compĂ©tence universelle pour gĂ©nocide, crimes contre l’humanitĂ© et crimes de guerre. L’auteure s’intĂ©resse aux principales conclusions du jugement, en traitant briĂšvement de l’évaluation de la preuve et de questions relatives Ă  l’équitĂ© de la procĂ©dure, et en s’attardant aux caractĂ©ristiques de l’acte d’accusation dans un procĂšs d’une telle nature, Ă  l’application temporelle du droit en ce qui concerne les crimes de guerre dans les conflits armĂ©s non internationaux, ainsi qu’aux dĂ©finitions des crimes adoptĂ©es par la Cour d’appel. Enfin, l’analyse amĂšne Ă©galement l’auteure Ă  s’intĂ©resser Ă  la politique du Canada en matiĂšre de poursuites des individus soupçonnĂ©s d’ĂȘtre impliquĂ©s dans la commission de crimes internationaux se trouvant sur son territoire.Lafontaine Fannie. La compĂ©tence universelle au Canada: le droit chemin tracĂ© par la Cour d’appel du QuĂ©bec dans Munyaneza. In: Revue QuĂ©bĂ©coise de droit international, volume 27-1, 2014. pp. 161-179
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