Pertusaria paramerae (Pertusariales, Ascomycota), a species with variable secondary chemistry, and a new lichen record for Turkey

We report a new chemotype of the crustose lichen Pertusaria paramerae A.Crespo & Vezda from a specimen collected in Turkey. Mitochondrial small subunit rDNA (mtSSU) sequences of P. paramerae collections from Spain, the country of the species' original description, and a specimen from Turkey are 100% identical. We present a phylogeny based on mtSSU rDNA that confirms the placement of Pertusaria paramerae in the Pertusaria s.str. group. HPLC analyses suggest the presence of 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid (major), thiophaninic acid (minor), and 2,4-dichloronorlichexanthone (trace) in the specimen collected in Turkey, and planaic acid (major), thiophaninic acid (minor), atranorin (trace), and an unidentified compound (trace) in a specimen collected in Spain. We propose that replacement of planaic acid by the structurally similar 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid and presence or absence of trace compounds are chemosyndromic variations that do not warrant recognition of a new species. We provide illustrations of morphological and micromorphological characters of P. paramerae

Pola kerukunan antarumat Islam dan Hindu di Denpasar Bali

This study attempts to review the religious life of multicultural society of Muslim-Hindus in Denpasar, Bali. Findings of the fieldwork reveal the prevalence of an ideal cooperation among religous communities in building harmony in religious life. This character constitutes an integral part of Balinese societal life. Building Bali Aga (Bali Sprouts Again) needs a long process and time through theological, ideological and socio-cultural dialectics. The local government and social institutions together with Balinese society have been struggling to maintain and protect the Hindu-inspired Balinese culture through preserving the tradition of menyama braya to establish a harmonious religious life. They also exhibit inclusive religiousity in social, cultural, economic, and educational spheres. It is with this openness that Muslim-Hindu community in Bali can live in a peaceful co-exisentence and respect each other

Distribution of balsam poplar.

<p>The full natural range of balsam poplar is indicated with green shading <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0053987#pone.0053987-Little1" target="_blank">[53]</a>. Circles mark the original sampling sites of trees, and stars mark the locations of common gardens (FBK = Fairbanks Garden, IH = Indian Head Garden). The ranges of the three subpopulations identified by Keller <i>et al. </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0053987#pone.0053987-Keller1" target="_blank">[21]</a> are indicated with large ellipses.</p

Rarefaction curves of pooled 454 reads at 6 grammar thresholds.

<p>Sequence-divergence based equivalents of grammar thresholds are shown in the figure. Dashed lines show 95% highest and lowest confidence intervals of rarefaction curves.</p

The 25 most common fungal taxa assigned on the basis of ITS1 reads to foliar fungal communities of balsam poplar.

*<p>taxa discriminating among host specimen genotype groups in the linear discriminant analysis;</p>**<p>taxa with above-average discriminating power.</p

Linear discriminant analysis of fungal communities.

<p><i>A priori</i> grouping of the LDA is based on host tree genotypes. Symbols on the plot represent the genotype group of the tree.</p

Species accumulation curve of assigned taxa.

<p>Boxplots mark standard deviations. Gray shading represents confidence intervals.</p