Influence of extraction methods on the composition of essential oils of Achillea millefolium L. from Lithuania

In this study, flowering aerial parts of Achillea millefolium were used as a matrix for supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE) of volatile oil. The collected extracts were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS methods and their composition were compared with that of the essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation (HD). The composition of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation and SFE methods is widely different. Indeed, the SFE volatile oil had a pale yellow color whereas the HD oil had a blue color due to the presence of chamazulene (48.0% vs. 4.3%). Other important constituents of HD oil were (E)- caryophyllene (19.5 %) and γ-muurolene (13.1%). The CO2 supercritical extract was dominated by (E)-caryophyllene (26.0%), γ-muurolene (22.0%), and caryophyllene oxide (8.1%)

L’institution des autorités : histoires comparées

Jean-Frédéric Schaub, directeur d’étudesSilvia Sebastiani, maître de conférencesSilvia Falconieri, postdoctorante Expériences de l’altérité, idéologies et pratiques juridiques de la race aux époques moderne et contemporaine Le séminaire a poursuivi l’exploration croisée des différents temps de la formation des catégories raciales dans l’histoire occidentale. Trois périodes que l’on peut tenir à la fois comme trois étapes d’un processus unique ou bien comme trois séries de processus autonomes ..

Chemical composition and biological activity of the volatile extracts of Achillea millefolium.

In this study, flowering aerial parts of wild Achillea millefolium growing on the Mediterranean coast (Sardinia Island, Italy) and on the Atlantic coast (Portugal- Serra de Montemuro) were used as a matrix for supercritical extraction of volatile oil with CO2 (SFE). The collected extracts were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS methods and their composition were compared with that of the essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation. A strong chemical variability in essential oils depending on the origin of the samples was observed. The results showed the presence of two type oils. The Italian volatile extracts (SFE and essential oil) are predominantly composed by α-asarone (25.6-33.3%, in the SFE extract and in the HD oil, respectively), β-bisabolene (27.3-16.6%) and α-pinene (10.0-17.0%); whereas the main components of the Portuguese extracts are trans-thujone (31.4-29.0%), trans-crhysanthenyl acetate (19.8-15.8%) and β-pinene (1.2-11.1%). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal lethal concentration (MLC) were used to evaluate the antifungal activity of the oils against Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. guillermondii, C. parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, T. verrucosum, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus and A. flavus. The oils showed the highest activity against dermatophyte strains, with MIC values ranging from 0.32-1.25 μL mL−1

Essential Oil Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Asplenium Ferns

Two fern species Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. and Asplenium trichomanes L. collected from the Kroumiria region (Northwest of Tunisia) were individually submitted to hydrodistillation in a Clevenger type apparatus. Volatile organic compounds were identified by GC-MS and GC-FID. Thus, 35 compounds were identified in A. adiantum-nigrum essential oil accounting for 77.5% of the whole constituents dominated by palmitic acid (34.5%); however, only 29 volatiles were identified in A. trichomanes showing a high amount of phytol, an odorous diterpene alcohol, representing 14.4% of the total oil contents. The total phenolic content and the antioxidant effects of crude extracts from both pteridophytes were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging assays, respectively. A. adiantum-nigrum ethyl acetate extract is shown to be lower in total phenolic contents (49.3 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) than similar extract from A. trichomanes (55.4 mg GAE/g)

Biological Assays and Chemical Composition of Volatile Oils of Bupleurum fruticosum L. (Apiaceae)

The composition of supercritical CO 2 extracts and essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of Bupleurum fruticosum L., growing spontaneously in Italy and Portugal, and its antifungal activity is reported. The collected extracts were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS methods. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal lethal concentration (MLC) were used to evaluate the antifungal activity of the oils against Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. guillermondii, C. parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus and A. flavus

Isolation of the Volatile Oil from Satureja thymbra by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction: Chemical Composition and Biological Activity:

Satureja thymbra L. is well known in Italy by the popular name of "Santoreggia sarda". It grows only in Sardinia and nowadays it is restricted to the slope of the Colle San Michele in Cagliari. The composition of the aromatic extracts obtained by supercritical CO2 and by hydrodistillation and their antifungal activity is reported. The collected extracts were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS methods. No significant differences were observed in the composition of the volatile extracts depending on the extraction method. The results showed the presence of thymol, γ-terpinene, β-caryophyllene, p-cymene, carvacrol and borneol as main components. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal lethal concentration (MLC) were used to evaluate the antifungal activity of the oils against Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. guillermondii, C. parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, Trichophyton rubrum, T. verrucosum, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus and A. flavus. The volatile extracts revealed a wide-spectrum antifungal activity. They were fungicidal and similarly potent against yeasts, dermatophyte and Aspergillus stains, with MICs ranging from 0.16 to 0.32 μL.mL−1

Beauveria bassiana rewires molecular mechanisms related to growth and defense in tomato

Plant roots can exploit beneficial associations with soil-inhabiting microbes, promoting growth and expanding the immune capacity of the host plant. In this work, we aimed to provide new information on changes occurring in tomato interacting with the beneficial fungus Beauveria bassiana. The tomato leaf proteome revealed perturbed molecular pathways during the establishment of the plant–fungus relationship. In the early stages of colonization (5–7 d), proteins related to defense responses to the fungus were down-regulated and proteins related to calcium transport were up-regulated. At later time points (12–19 d after colonization), up-regulation of molecular pathways linked to protein/amino acid turnover and to biosynthesis of energy compounds suggests beneficial interaction enhancing plant growth and development. At the later stage, the profile of leaf hormones and related compounds was also investigated, highlighting up-regulation of those related to plant growth and defense. Finally, B. bassiana colonization was found to improve plant resistance to Botrytis cinerea, impacting plant oxidative damage. Overall, our findings further expand current knowledge on the possible mechanisms underlying the beneficial role of B. bassiana in tomato plants

Droit colonial et anthropologie. Expertises ethniques, enquêtes et études raciales dans l’outre-mer français (Fin du XIXe siècle-1946)

International audienc

« Le droit, l’ordre racial et son (impossible) démantèlement. À propos de G. Mouralis, Le moment Nuremberg. Le procès international, les lawyers et la question raciale, SciencesPo Les Presses, 2019

International audienc

La legge della razza. Strategie e luoghi del discorso giuridico fascista

International audienceLes juristes de la période fasciste ont oeuvré pour faire de la "race" une catégorie juridique opérationnelle. Quel a été leur apport à la construction de la diversité du Juif, introduite par les décrets de 1938 ? Comment est-ce que la catégorie de "citoyen italien de race juive" a été accueillie ? Ce volume analyse les instruments et les parcours qui ont présidé à la construction d'un discours juridique sur la "race" dans l'Italie fasciste des années 1930-1940. En mobilisant des registres communicatifs hétérogènes, les juristes plus proches du régime ont défini les Leit-Motive du nouveau "droit raciste". Dans cette démarche, ils se sont servis avant tout d'une stratégie discursive qui reliait les questions raciales coloniale et métropolitaine. Une attention spéciale est consacrée aux revues, lieux privilégiés de la définition des bases théoriques de la doctrine juridique de la diversité raciale. Moyens fondamentaux dans l'élaboration et dans la circulation du savoir juridique en Europe à partir du XIXe siècle, les revues ont représenté le principal instrument de légitimation du "droit raciste".I giuristi dell'epoca fascista si adoperarono per attribuire una veste giuridica alla nozione di razza. Quale fu il loro contributo alla costruzione della diversità dell'ebreo, introdotta con i decreti del 1938? Come fu accolta la nuova categoria di "cittadino italiano appartenente alla razza ebraica", in un momento in cui nomi di origine notoriamente ebraica figuravano tra quelli dei più apprezzati giuristi del tempo? Questo volume analizza gli strumenti e i percorsi attraverso i quali fu definito il discorso giuridico sulla razza nell'Italia degli anni Trenta e Quaranta. Intrecciando diversi registri comunicativi, i giuristi più vicini al regime fascista delinearono i temi conduttori del nuovo "diritto razzista", utilizzando una strategia discorsiva che congiungeva la questione razziale coloniale e quella metropolitana. Particolare attenzione è dedicata alle riviste, luoghi privilegiati in cui furono definite le basi teoriche della dottrina sulla diversità razziale. Fondamentali strumenti per l'elaborazione e la diffusione del sapere giuridico europeo a partire della seconda metà del XIX secolo, le riviste rappresentarono il principale canale di legittimazione del "diritto razzista", che finì così per ritagliarsi una propria specialità