THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WOMEN’S EDUCATION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

The main purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between Women’s Education in primary, secondary and higher education and human development level. This relationship is studied in three groups of countries with high, medium and low human development during the period 2000-2009. The results, based on panel data model estimates show that in countries with high human development, higher educated women have more effective role in human development index. However, in countries with medium human development, secondary education of women has led to increased human development index. In countries with low human development level, all levels of education are conductive to improve the level of human development

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WOMEN’S EDUCATION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

The main purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between Women’s Education in primary, secondary and higher education and human development level. This relationship is studied in three groups of countries with high, medium and low human development during the period 2000-2009. The results, based on panel data model estimates show that in countries with high human development, higher educated women have more effective role in human development index. However, in countries with medium human development, secondary education of women has led to increased human development index. In countries with low human development level, all levels of education are conductive to improve the level of human development

Economic growth and the optimum size of government in 15 European countries: A threshold panel approach

In the growth literature, there is a nonlinear relationship between economic growth and government size, which is similar to an inverted U-shaped curve. This curve can be used to determine the optimum share of government expenditures. This paper, using threshold panel approach, attempts to investigate this nonlinear effect for 15 European countries, empirically. For the size of government, four measures are considered as follows: (i) total expenditures to gross domestic product, (ii) final consumption expenditures to gross domestic product, (iii) current expenditures other than final consumption to gross domestic product and (iv) government gross fixed capital formation to gross domestic product. Estimation results show that the inverted U-shaped curve is approved for four measures. The estimated optimum shares are 41.7%, 15.8%, 19.4% and 2.5%, respectively

Prediction of CO2 Emissions in Iran using Grey and ARIMA Models

The examination of economic aspects of gas emissions and its consequences is very important, especially in terms of its volume at the current increasing trend. Therefore, the prediction of air pollution emissions of carbon dioxide can give the correct direction to policies adopted.  Hence, studying and forecasting of gas emissions is necessary. The purpose of this paper is the prediction of CO2 emissions based on Grey System and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average and comparison of these two methods by RMSE, MAE and MAPE metrics. The results show the more accuracy of Grey system forecasting rather than other methods of prediction.  Also, based on the estimated results, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions will reach up to 925.68 million tons in 2020 which shows an increase of 66 percent growth compared to 2010 which is highly significant. Keywords: Carbon Dioxide Emissions; Forecasting; Grey system; Iran JEL Classifications: C22; C53; Q5

The Study of Economic, Financial, and Political Risks on the Resource Curse Vulnerability Index in the Countries of the Mena Region

Today, many risks, including economic, financial, and political ones, threaten the economies of countries. On the other hand, governments try to manage the negative consequences and neutralize or minimize their impact on the economy. A review of the situation shows that most underdeveloped and developing countries, especially those rich in natural resources (resource rents), have been severely affected by these internal and external shocks (resource curse) due to their high dependence on oil revenues; in contrast, developed countries have suffered less by adopting appropriate policies. The purpose of this study is to construct and introduce a composite resource curse vulnerability index and then investigate the impact of each of the economic, financial, and political risks on the resource curse vulnerability index. Therefore, using the latest available data, the econometric approach of panel data was performed for 14 selected countries in the Mena region from 2005 to 2018. Results indicate an inverse and significant relationship between independent variable risks on the dependent variable (resource curse vulnerability index), which confirms the research hypotheses

A case report of a rare Shwachman-Diamond syndrome with liver involvement

زمینه و هدف: سندرم شواخمن (SDS) یک بیماری نادر ارثی است که در سنین کودکی با علایم گرفتاری چند ارگان از جمله پانکراس اگزوکرین و مغز استخوان و نیز با علایم اختلال رشد تظاهر می کند. درگیری کبدی از تظاهرات کمتر شایع در این بیماران بوده و کمتر به آن توجه می شود. در این مقاله یک مورد شیرخوار مبتلا به سندرم شواخمن با گرفتاری کبد معرفی می گردد. معرفی بیمار: بیمار شیرخوار پسر 11 ماهه با اسهال حاد، دهیدراتاسیون، اختلال وزن گیری پس از 4 ماهگی و گزارش دفع مدفوع چرب مراجعه و به علت بزرگی کبد و افزایش آنزیم های کبدی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. با توجه به چرب بودن مدفوع، استئوپنی، قیافه خاص در بیمار، مشاهده نوتروپنی و منتفی شدن تشخیص بیماری سیستیک فیبروزیس (CF) منجر به تشخیص نهایی سندرم شواخمن گردید. نتیجه گیری: معرفی بیمار حاضر ضمن یادآوری تشخیص این بیماری نادر در موارد اختلالات رشد کودکان توجه به درگیری کبد را یادآور می شود که ممکن است در بعضی مواقع به صورت تظاهر اولیه بیمار با اختلاف رشد باشد

Prediction of Hydropower Energy Price Using Gómes-Maravall Seasonal Model

The present research is aimed at investigating the possibility of predicting average monthly electricity prices and presenting a model for predicting electricity price in Iranian market considering unique characteristics of electricity as a commodity. For this purpose, time series data on average monthly electricity price during 2006–2015 was used. Firstly, unit root test was used to investigate stationarity of time series of electricity price. Then, using Gómes-Maravall model, an ARIMA model was estimated for predicating electricity price in Iranian market using energy purchase data from a hydropower plant. The model was run utilizing SEATS (Signal Extraction in ARIMA Time Series) and TARMO (“Time Series Regression with ARIMA Noise, Missing Observations, and Outliers”) programs. For this purpose, energy purchase data from three Karun river hydropower plants (Khuzestan Province, Iran) was used. Keywords: Electricity Prices, Hydropower, Seasonal Gómes-Maravall Model JEL Classifications: Q41, Q4

Examining Drinking Water Security in Rural Areas of Iran: Perspectives from a Quantitative Analysis

Water is one of the basic needs of individuals and communities. In a way, without it, the growth and sustainability of societies is not possible. In recent decades, due to the effects of climate change and human activities, many parts of the world have faced water-related crises. Hence, this issue has jeopardized the sustainability of villages, especially in developing countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to quantify drinking water security in rural areas of Iran during the years 2013-2019. For this purpose, this paper has developed a rural water security assessment framework with four dimensions and ten indicators. The scale of the rural water security index is between 1 and 5. Based on findings, three dimensions: “availability”, “accessibility” and “water health and sanitation”, all show an upward trend, reflecting an overall improvement of water-related infrastructure in rural areas. Whereas the “economic value of water” dimension depicts a steady trend. Also, for the period of 2013-2019, the results show the improvement of rural drinking water security in Iran

The study of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and ulcerative colitis

زمینه و هدف: در بررسی های تشخیصی بیماری های التهابی روده، یکی از موارد تشخیصی انجام آندوسکوپی فوقانی است که علاوه بر تأیید تشخیص، در افتراق کولیت های نامشخص نیز کمک کننده است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی لزوم انجام آندوسکوپی فوقانی در بیماران مبتلا به التهاب روده بوده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه توصیفی- تحلیلی تعداد 30 کودک در بیمارستان مرکز طبی به صورت سرشماری از مهر 1388 تا اسفند 1389 که به عنوان بیماری کرون و کولیت اولسراتیو به تشخیص قطعی رسیدند؛ تحت انجام آندوسکوپی فوقانی قرار گرفتند و داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزارSPSS و آزمون آماری t-test تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: از30 کودک با تشخیص بیماری التهابی روده، تعداد 15 بیمار دچار کرون و مابقی کولیت اولسراتیو داشتند. نتایج مطالعه حاضر حاکی از درگیری ماکروسکوپی مری در 93 بیماران، درگیری معده در 87 و درگیری دئودنوم در 26 بیماران با تشخیص کرون بود. در بیماران کولیت اولسراتیو درگیری مری 80، معده 66 و دئودنوم 20 بود. از نظر میکروسکوپی در بیماران کرون درگیری مری 94، درگیری معده 80 و در نهایت درگیری دئودنوم 47 مشاهده شد. در بیماران کولیت اولسراتیو از نظر میکروسکوپی 94 درگیری مری، 87 درگیری معده و 67 درگیری دئودنوم داشتند. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به درصد قابل توجه درگیری دستگاه گوارش فوقانی در بیماران با بیماری التهابی روده، انجام آندوسکوپی در تمام بیماران جدا از نوع و محل درگیری و بررسی هیستوپاتولوژیک کاری منطقی و لازم بنظر می رسد

Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

This online publication has been corrected. The corrected version first appeared at thelancet.com on September 28, 2023BACKGROUND : Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. METHODS : Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. FINDINGS : In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500–564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8–6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7–9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5–13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world’s highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1–79·5) in individuals aged 75–79 years. Total diabetes prevalence—especially among older adults—primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1–96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9–95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5–71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5–30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22–1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1–17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8–11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. INTERPRETATION : Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.http://www.thelancet.comam2024School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)SDG-03:Good heatlh and well-bein