Study of Preparation and Properties of Imidazolium Betaines

To investigate the posibility for the preparation of 1,3-dicarboxyalkyl( benz)imidazolium betaines a number of monosubstituted 1-carboxyalkyl(benz)imidazoles has been prepared (I-X) and their basic pKa value determined. The betaines (XI~XIV) can be prepared only from the imidazole derivatives which had basic (N3) pKa values above 3--4 pKa units. !-Substituted benzimidazoles decomposed under reaction conditions employed ·for quaternization, yielding N,N\u27-dicarboxyalkyl o-phenylenediamines. Dimethylformamide when used as the solvent under highly basic reaction conditions reacted with halogen carboxylic acid.s giving · rise to the formation · of betaines of dimethyl-dicarboxyalkyl amines (XV, XVI) and hydrochlorides of dimethyl-carboxyalkyl amines (XVII, XVIII), respectively. The reaction course of 1,3-disubstitution is briefly discussed, as well as some chemical and physical properties of the betaines are described

Thermal fluctuations and NMR spectra of incommensurate systems

Journal ArticleIn the presence of thermal fluctuations the incommensurate NMR line shape is a convolution of a static inhomogeneous with a dynamic homogeneous line shape which can be determined separately by 2D NMR. The form of the dynamic line shape and its variation over the inhomogeneous NMR spectrum permit a separate determination of the relative sizes of the phason and amplitudon fluctuations, compared to the static part of the order parameter. 8 7Rb 2D spectra of ultrapure Rb2ZnCU agree with the above theory and show the existence of a temperature range where the incommensurate splitting induced by the static part of the order parameter is averaged out by thermal fluctuations

Study of Preparation and Properties of Imidazolium Betaines

To investigate the posibility for the preparation of 1,3-dicarboxyalkyl( benz)imidazolium betaines a number of monosubstituted 1-carboxyalkyl(benz)imidazoles has been prepared (I-X) and their basic pKa value determined. The betaines (XI~XIV) can be prepared only from the imidazole derivatives which had basic (N3) pKa values above 3--4 pKa units. !-Substituted benzimidazoles decomposed under reaction conditions employed ·for quaternization, yielding N,N\u27-dicarboxyalkyl o-phenylenediamines. Dimethylformamide when used as the solvent under highly basic reaction conditions reacted with halogen carboxylic acid.s giving · rise to the formation · of betaines of dimethyl-dicarboxyalkyl amines (XV, XVI) and hydrochlorides of dimethyl-carboxyalkyl amines (XVII, XVIII), respectively. The reaction course of 1,3-disubstitution is briefly discussed, as well as some chemical and physical properties of the betaines are described

Recording of acquisitive prescription land in the land cadastre and in the land registry

The present thesis deals with the institute of acquisitive prescription and ownership rights from the theoretical point of view and that of jurisprudence. This is followed by monitoring and stating of the provisions deriving from procedural and substantive legal bases for the settlement of border and ownership issues. Border arrangements and the work of a surveyor in border dispute proceedings are presented, where there are given views on solving the land acquisition by prescription

Computational fatigue analysis of contacting mechanical elements

U radu se ispituje utjecaj različitih parametara na raspodjelu naprezanja u dodirnoj površini mehaničkih elemenata. Cilj je rada odrediti konkretna mjesta u dodirnim tijelima gdje bi se trebale pojaviti male pukotine zbog velikih naprezanja nastalih različitim uvjetima dodira. Dvodimenzionalni ekvivalentni kontaktni model zajedno s Hertzovom teorijom dodira upotrebljen je za sve računarske analize primjenom metode konačnih elemenata. Raspodjela maksimalnog ekvivalentnog von Mises naprezanja na dodirnoj površini najprije je određena za prave Hertzove uvjete dodira, gdje se maksimalna naprezanja javljaju na određenoj dubini ispod površine dodira. Tada je parametrijskom analizom određen utjecaj opterećenja, zakrivljenosti površine dodira, dodirnog trenja, zaostalih naprezanja i elasto-hidro-dinamičkog podmazivanja na raspodjelu naprezanja. Sve to nastoji povećati naprezanja i maksimalno se razviti uz ili vrlo blizu dodirne površine, što može dovesti do iniciranja pukotine ispod površine ili na njoj. U ovom se radu predstavlja nastajanje pukotine na površini i njezino širenje na bočnoj površini zubi zupčanika. Metoda Virtual crack extension (VCE) (virtualno širenje pukotine), implementirana u metodi konačnih elemenata, primijenjena je za simuliranje širenja pukotina zbog zamora materijala od začetka pukotine do stvaranja šupljina na površini. Usporedba rezultata numeričke simulacije i rezultata eksperimentalnog testiranja pokazuje dobru korelaciju.The paper investigates the influence of different parameters on stress distribution in the contact area of mechanical elements. The study is aimed to determine particular positions in the contacting bodies, where small crack should be initiated due to large stresses resulting from different contact conditions. A two-dimensional equivalent contact model together with Hertzian contact theory is used for all computational analyses utilising the finite element method. The distribution of the maximum equivalent von Mises stress under the contacting area is first determined for pure Hertzian contact conditions, where the maximum stresses appear at a certain depth under the contacting surface. Then a parametric study to determine the influence of loading, contact surface curvature, contact friction, residual stresses and elasto-hydro-dynamic lubrication on the stress distribution is performed. They tend to increase the stresses and move their maximum to or very close to the contacting surface, which can lead to sub-surface or surface crack initiation. In this study the surface crack initiation and propagation on the gear teeth flank is presented. The virtual crack extension (VCE) method, implemented in the finite element method, is used for simulating the fatigue crack propagation from the initial crack up to the formation of the surface pit. Comparison between the results of the numerical simulation and the results of experimental testing shows good correlation

The Principle of Consistent Interpretation: Interpretation of National Law in the Light of EU Law

Načelo lojalne razlage je na prvi pogled najmanj invaziven način učinkovanja prava EU v pravnih redih držav članic. Pravo EU se za razliko od neposrednega učinka pri lojalni razlagi ne uporablja neposredno, ampak je pravna podlaga nacionalno pravo, ki so ga državni organi dolžni razlagati v skladu z besedilom in namenom direktive. Toda obveznost lojalne razlage se ne nanaša le na sodišča, ampak na vse državne organe in na nacionalno pravo kot celoto ter nastopi s potekom roka za implementacijo direktive. Sicer jo najpogosteje povezujemo z direktivami, a obstaja tudi v zvezi z drugimi viri prava EU. Čeprav drži, da SEU lojalne razlage ne zahteva za vsako ceno, so organi držav članic dolžni izčrpati vse možnosti, ki jim jih daje nacionalno pravo, da bi sprejeli lojalno razlago. Gre torej za izjemno intenzivno obveznost, ki od držav članic zahteva veliko več, kot se morda sprva zdi. Mejo lojalni razlagi postavljajo predvsem splošna pravna načela EU: načelo pravne varnosti, načelo prepovedi retroaktivnosti, načelo zakonitosti v kazenskem pravu itd. SEU prepoveduje tudi razlago contra legem, a je ne opredeli. Tako kot nekateri drugi nejasni vidiki doktrine lojalne razlage je definicija contra legem interpretacije prepuščena državnim organom in se med državami članicami lahko razlikuje. V Sloveniji jo razumemo kot razlago, do katere se z uveljavljenimi interpretativnimi metodami ne da priti. Lojalna razlaga je pomembna predvsem zaradi zagotavljanja enotnejše uporabe prava EU in njegove učinkovitosti, še posebej nasproti posameznikom, kjer v skladu z doktrino Marshall I velja prepoved neposrednega učinka direktiv. SEU je tako prek lojalne razlage na prefinjen način razširilo domet direktiv na posameznike, ne da bi pri tem »dvignilo preveč prahu«.At first glance, the principle of consistent interpretation seems to be the least intrusive way of giving effect to EU law in legal orders of Member states. Unlike direct effect, consistent interpretation does not entail direct application of EU law. The legal basis is national law, which national authorities are bound to interpret in accordance with the wording and the purpose of the directive. However, the obligation of consistent interpretation does not relate only to courts, but applies to all national authorities and to the national law as a whole. It applies from the moment of expiry of the deadline for transposition of the directive. In general, it is most commonly linked with directives, but it exists in relation to other sources of EU law as well. Even though it is true that the CJEU does not demand the consistent interpretation at any cost, the Member states’ authorities are nevertheless bound to exhaust all possibilities under national law, in order to ensure a consistent interpretation. Therefore, it is an extremely intensive obligation, requiring much more from the Member States than it may seem on the surface. The principle of consistent interpretation is limited especially by general principles of EU law: the principle of legal certainty, the principle of prohibition of retroactivity, the principle of legality in criminal law etc. Furthermore, the CJEU prohibits the interpretation contra legem, but does not define it. Like some other vague aspects of the doctrine of consistent interpretation, the definition of the contra legem interpretation is left to the state authorities and may therefore vary among Member states. In Slovenia, it is understood as an interpretation which cannot be reached with the use of established methods of statutory construction. Consistent interpretation is particularly important for ensuring the uniform application of EU law and its efficiency, especially with respect to individuals, where direct effect of directives is prohibited according to the Marshall I doctrine. The CJEU has thus extended the scope of application of directives to individuals in a very refined manner and without causing too much of a stir

Establishment of interactive geological map of Slovenia based on geological database

The graduation thesis describes the transition from the analogue geological maps to a geographic information system and representing the built of geological database on the web. The thesis begins with an overview of the basic geological map of Slovenia at a scale 1 : 100 000, stressing the particularities of the geological data presentation. This is followed by the descripitons of digitalization, vectorization and capture of attribute data on the 24 maps, performed in MicroStation. The obtained graphic and attribute data were processed in the ArcGIS Desktop to built a topological database for the area of Tolmin, which was then transferred to Oracle through the use of ArcSDE. The final database is formed by a layer of lithological units, the layer of tectonic joints and the layer of geological phenomena. The established database is applied in the second part of the thesis as the source data to present a dynamic and interactive web map. This was done by using the ArcIMS application and forming a configuration file in ArcXML language, which determines the transfer and the symbolization of data in the browser. The later gives the user a possibility to perform active data management for instance choosing the shown layers, perform navigation tasks, querying graphic and attribute data, layout saving etc

Autonomous Competitive Driving on a Race Track Model

This thesis presents the problem of finding the optimal racing line, which enables completing a lap on a given race track in the shortest time possible, and a simulation of a car following the line. It explains the relevant physical basics and the effect vehicle properties have on the optimal racing line and lap time. A method of estimating the duration of each individual path is presented, along with two optimization methods for minimizing the calculated value: a simple linear algorithm and a genetic algorithm. Lastly, we implement a program that guides a simulated vehicle on the racing line using Unreal Engine 4