Adolescent Reproductive Health: The Role of Agency and Autonomy

The world is experiencing the largest cohort of adolescents in its history, and there are about 1 billion youngsters in this age group, most of whom belong to the developing countries. Worldwide, the adolescent age group is gaining prominence for researchers, policy-makers and donors. This issue is more important for Pakistan where about one-third of 150 million Pakistanis are in the age range of 10–24 years [Pakistan Census Organisation (2001)]. In Pakistan, the fertility transition has just begun [Sathar and Casterline (1998)], and we will have the largest cohort of young people in next five years. With a TFR of 4.1 which represents a significant decline in fertility in the past two decades for about two children [Pakistan (2003)], still we have a large population base. Nearly 33 percent of the population is aged 10–24, and ready to enter marriage and childbearing. Adolescents represents as a “bulge” in the population pyramid of Pakistan that will have serious implications at a variety of levels. Literature available on population and demographics, suggests that productive and reproductive actions of younger people will shape the size, health, and prosperity of the world’s future population. Despite rising trend in contraceptive use, rising age at marriage etc. the population will keep on increasing in absolute numbers, just due to the sheer pressure of the population momentum. Also the population moment our adolescent carry will offset the decline in population growth rates. The paper explores the linkages of such reproductive health outcomes as early marriage and contraceptive intention, desegregated by age, gender, socio-economic status, locality and province, and aims to provide essential information on predicting early marriage in Pakistan. Moreover the role of autonomy, agency and mobility will also be analysed to see if there if these factors play any role in determining the most important transition of a young person, that is marriage. It will also highlight the future demand for fertility control by analysing future intentions of Pakistani youth to use family planning. Results of this paper depict the socioeconomic and regional diversity in adolescents reproductive health across Pakistan and can be used to form youth policy and programmes in Pakistan.

Peran Dewan Komisaris dalam Memoderasi Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pengungkapan Islamic Social Reporting

ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the role of the board of commissioners in moderating the effect of profitability, firm size, and leverage on ISR disclosure. The update in this study lies in the role of the board of commissioners in moderating the factors that influence ISR disclosure. The population in this literature is Islamic Commercial Banks listed in Islamic Banking Statistics from 2018 to 2022. Fifty samples were taken from this population based on purposive sampling on certain criteria. This type of research is based on explanation with a quantitative methodology. Using the statistical program IBM SPSS 26, testing the hypothesis with multiple linear regression analysis and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results of the study reveal that the board of commissioners can strengthen the influence between profitability on ISR disclosure, but the board of commissioners can weaken the effect between firm size and leverage on ISR disclosure. Keywords: Islamic Social Reporting (ISR), Profitability, Firm Size, Leverage, and Board of Commissioners ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran dewan komisaris dalam memoderasi pengaruh profitabilitas, ukuran perusahaan, dan leverage terhadap pengungkapan ISR. Pembaharuan dalam penelitian ini terletak pada peran dewan komisaris yang memoderasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengungkapan ISR. Populasi dalam literatur ini adalah Bank Umum Syariah yang tercantum pada Statistik Perbankan Syariah dari tahun 2018 hingga 2022. Dari populasi ini diambil 50 sampel berdasarkan dengan purposive sampling pada kriteria tertentu. Jenis penelitian berbasis penjelasan dengan metodologi kuantitatif. Menggunakan program IBM SPSS statistic 26, pengujian hipotesis dengan analisis regresi liniar berganda dan Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa dewan komisaris dapat memperkuat pengaruh antara profitabilitas terhadap pengungkapan ISR, namun dewan komisaris dapat memperlemah pengaruh antara ukuran perusahaan dan leverage terhadap pengungkapan ISR. Kata Kunci: Islamic Social Reporting (ISR), Profitabilitas, Ukuran Perusahaan, Leverage, dan Dewan Komisari

Adolescent Reproductive Health: The Role of Agency and Autonomy

The world is experiencing the largest cohort of adolescents in its history, and there are about 1 billion youngsters in this age group, most of whom belong to the developing countries. Worldwide, the adolescent age group is gaining prominence for researchers, policy-makers and donors. This issue is more important for Pakistan where about one-third of 150 million Pakistanis are in the age range of 10-24 years [Pakistan Census Organisation (2001)]. In Pakistan, the fertility transition has just begun [Sathar and Casterline (1998)], and we will have the largest cohort of young people in next five years. With a TFR of 4.1 which represents a significant decline in fertility in the past two decades for about two children [Pakistan (2003)], still we have a large population base. Nearly 33 percent of the population is aged 10-24, and ready to enter marriage and childbearing. Adolescents represents as a “bulge” in the population pyramid of Pakistan that will have serious implications at a variety of levels

Time spent on religious activities of Pakistani youth : evidence from time use data

Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa 2013.Includes bibliographical references.Pakistan being the 2nd largest Muslim country with a large youth base population. Given the importance of youth for development of the country, it is a vital subsection to study in terms of all aspects of their lives, including education, work, marriage, and how they spend their time. The purpose of this research is to examine time spent on religious activities of youth of Pakistan. Data for this purpose is used from a nationally representative survey of young people, collected by Population Council in 2001-02. The analysis will explore background factors like gender, locality, educational level, etc. which impacts on participation in religious activities of youth in Pakistan