The spatial pattern of selected extreme precipitation indices for Turkey (1975-2012)

This paper analyses extreme precipitation characteristic of Turkey based on selected WMO climate change indices. (Rdays), (Rx1day), (SDII) and (R10) were calculated for 98 stations for 38 year overlapping period (1975-2012). Cluster analysis was applied to evaluate spatial characterisation of the annual precipitation extremes. Four extreme precipitation clusters were detected. Cluster 1 corresponds spatially to Central and Eastern Anatolia and identified with lowest index values except rainy days. Cluster 2 is concentrated mainly west and south part of the Anatolia, especially coastal zone and can be characterised with lowest rainy days and high and moderate values in other indices. These two clusters are the most prominent classes throughout the country with totally 82 stations. Cluster 3 is clearly located in the Black Sea coastal zone on the north with high and moderate index values. Two stations located on the northeast coast of the Black Sea region are identified as Cluster 4 which exhibits the highest values among all indices. The overall results reveal that winter months and October have the highest proportion of precipitation extremes in Turkey. Northeast part of the Black Sea region and Mediterranean coastal area from southwest to southeast are prone to experiencing frequent extreme precipitation events

Pleistocene glaciations in Karadağ, Western Taurus Mountains, Turkey

Karadağ, Teke Yarımadasında Beydağları, Akdağ ve Sandıras gibi Pleyistosen buzullaşmasına maruz kalmış dağlardan biridir. Karadağ, Fethiye Körfezi’nin hemen kuzeydoğusunda 30 km kuş uçuşu mesafede 2418 m zirveye ulaşır ve 2300 m üzerinde birçok yükseltiye sahiptir. Teke Yarımadasında Pleyistosen buzullaşmalarına uğramış dağlardan, Sandıras ve Akdağ ile ilgili buzul araştırmalarına ve buzullaşmaların yaşlandırmalarına yönelik çalışmalar varken, Beydağları’nda Pleyistosen buzullaşmalarından sadece çok genel hatları ile bahsedilmiş, Karadağ ile ilgili buzullaşma olgusu bilinmemekte, başka bir deyişle buzullardan bahseden hiçbir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Oysaki Karadağ yüksek zirve düzlüklerinin yamaçlarında belirgin sirk ve morenler barındırır. Yapılan arazi çalışmalarında, Karadağ’da iki gelişmiş buzul vadisi, farklı büyüklükte ve yönlerde gelişmiş üç tane sirk ve bunların önlerinde 1800 m seviyelerine inen cephe ve tümseksi (hummocky) morenleri gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışma ile Türkiye’de yeni bir buzullaşma sahası tespit edilmiş ve Türkiye Buzullaşma Envanteri’ne katkı yapılmıştır. Yeni buzullaşma alanının jeomorfolojik, klimatolojik özelliklerini ortaya koymayı hedefleyen bu çalışmada; tektonik, klimatik ve karstik özellikler göz önüne alınarak Karadağ’da Pleyistosen’deki jeomorfolojik gelişimi açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Arazi çalışmaları, insansız hava aracı ve meteoroloji istasyonlarının verilerinden elde edilen mekânsal veriler coğrafi bilgi sistemleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiş, sonuç harita ve çıktılar oluşturulmuştur.Karadağ is one of the mountains subjected to the Pleistocene glaciations in the Teke Peninsula (Western Taurus) along with Beydağları, Akdağ, and Sandıras Mountains. Karadağ, which reaches 2418 m summit at a 30 km straight distance from the northeast of Fethiye Bay, has many peaks over 2300 m. There are plenty of glacial researches and dating studies aim to reveal Pleistocene glaciation chronology of the mountains such as Sandıras and Akdağ in the Teke Peninsula. On the other hand, glaciations in Beydağları were mentioned superficially and in general terms. Lastly, there has not been known any glaciation phenomenon in Karadağ, in other words there are not any studies concerning the glaciation on the mountain. However, Karadağ has distinctive cirques and moraines on the slopes of high elevations near the peak. In this study, we identified glacial valleys, cirques developed in different sizes and aspects and lastly frontal and hummocky moraines in front of these cirques. They are descending to the elevation of 1800 m. With this study, a new glacial area was identified in Turkey and made a contribution to the glaciation inventory of Turkey. This study aims to reveal the geomorphological and climatological characteristics of this area with regard to tectonic, climatic and karstic characteristics during Pleistocene. Maps and relevant outputs were created and analyzed by geographic information systems using the spatial data obtained from the field studies, unmanned aerial vehicles and meteorological stations