Toponímia e memória: nomes e lembranças na cidade

Este trabalho reflete sobre toponímia e memória, considerando o ato de nomear lugares como um discurso em que se entrecruzam a memória oficial (que marca no nome relações de poder) e a memória coletiva (que traz o nome espontâneo, descritivo, e que deixa entrever, nas interpretações, o desejo de pertencimento como motivador). Através da revisão de textos teóricos (Dauzat e Dick sobre toponímia, Lowenthal e Schama sobre memória) e recorrendo, nos exemplos, a investigações já feitas sobre a toponímia de Bento Gonçalves, na Serra Gaúcha, apresenta-se uma relação entre toponímia, história e memória e seu papel determinante nas denominações.This paper studies the related concepts of toponymy and memory, considerating the act of naming places as a discourse in which the official memory (marking relations of power) and the common memory (spontaneous and descriptive, motivated by the desire of belonging to a group) will be present. Theoretical basis is gained from readings on Toponymy (Dauzat, Dick) and on memory (Lowenthal, Schama). The examples are collected in the research already published on the toponymy of Bento Gonçalves (RS), Brazil. The relation between toponymy, history and memory is determinant not only in the act of naming but in the interpretation of these names as well

Platinum, Palladium and Rhodium deposition to the Prunus laurus cerasus leaf surface as an indicator of the vehicular traffic pollution in the city of Varese area. An easy and reliable method to detect PGEs released from automobile catalytic converters

Background, aim, and scope The widespread use of some Platinum Group Elements (PGE) as catalysts to minimize emission of pollutants from combustion engines produced a constantly growing increase of the concentration of these elements in the environment; their potential toxicological properties explain the increasing interest in routine easy monitoring. We have found that leaves of Prunus laurus cerasus are efficient collectors of particulate with a dimension < 60-80 \u3bcm, and a simple and reliable procedure was developed to reveal traces of platinum, palladium and rhodium released from automotive catalysts. The analysis of the dust deposited on the foliage is a direct indicator of traffic pollution. Materials and methods Leaves of prunus laurus cerasus were washed by sonication in a mixture of water and 2 propanol and the washings, to be discarded, were separated by centrifugation to yield typically 0.05-1.2 g of dust that, after mineralization, were directly submitted to Atomic Absorption analysis. Results Comparison of the 2007 and 2004-5 results showed a dramatic reduction of the platinum levels and revealed that palladium is now the main component of this traffic related pollution. Discussion The results are consistent with the increasing diffusion of cars with a diesel engine whose catalysts are made up of Pt and/or Pd alone, and gives a significant insight into the recent evolution in catalyst design that replaces platinum for palladium. Conclusion The proposed analytical procedure is simple, with short preparation times, and greatly reduces matrix effects so that atomic absorption spectroscopy can easily detect the three noble metals at the ng/g level in the dust. Recommendation and perspectives The results clearly show that Pd concentrations have increased over time, and must be cause of concern

A Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Sequences in Kiev: Findings Among Key Populations

Background: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in Ukraine has been driven by a rapid rise among people who inject drugs, but recent studies have shown an increase through sexual transmission. Methods: Protease and reverse transcriptase sequences from 876 new HIV diagnoses (April 2013–March 2015) in Kiev were linked to demographic data. We constructed phylogenetic trees for 794 subtype A1 and 64 subtype B sequences and identified factors associated with transmission clustering. Clusters were defined as ≥2 sequences, ≥80% local branch support, and maximum genetic distance of all sequence pairs in the cluster ≤2.5%. Recent infection was determined through the limiting antigen avidity enzyme immunoassay. Sequences were analyzed for transmitted drug resistance mutations. Results Thirty percent of subtype A1 and 66% of subtype B sequences clustered. Large clusters (maximum 11 sequences) contained mixed risk groups. In univariate analysis, clustering was significantly associated with subtype B compared to A1 (odds ratio [OR], 4.38 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.56–7.50]); risk group (OR, 5.65 [95% CI, 3.27–9.75]) for men who have sex with men compared to heterosexual males; recent, compared to long-standing, infection (OR, 2.72 [95% CI, 1.64–4.52]); reported sex work contact (OR, 1.93 [95% CI, 1.07–3.47]); and younger age groups compared with age ≥36 years (OR, 1.83 [95% CI, 1.10–3.05] for age ≤25 years). Females were associated with lower odds of clustering than heterosexual males (OR, 0.49 [95% CI, .31–.77]). In multivariate analysis, risk group, subtype, and age group were independently associated with clustering (P < .001, P = .007, and P = .033, respectively). Eighteen sequences (2.1%) indicated evidence of transmitted drug resistance. Conclusions Our findings suggest high levels of transmission and bridging between risk groups

Toponymy and Memory: Names and what they Recall in the City

Este trabalho reflete sobre toponímia e memória, considerando o ato de nomear lugares como um discurso em que se entrecruzam a memória oficial (que marca no nome relações de poder) e a memória coletiva (que traz o nome espontâneo, descritivo, e que deixa entrever, nas interpretações, o desejo de pertencimento como motivador). Através da revisão de textos teóricos (Dauzat e Dick sobre toponímia, Lowenthal e Schama sobre memória) e recorrendo, nos exemplos, a investigações já feitas sobre a toponímia de Bento Gonçalves, na Serra Gaúcha, apresenta-se uma relação entre toponímia, história e memória e seu papel determinante nas denominações.This paper studies the related concepts of toponymy and memory, considerating the act of naming places as a discourse in which the official memory (marking relations of power) and the common memory (spontaneous and descriptive, motivated by the desire of belonging to a group) will be present. Theoretical basis is gained from readings on Toponymy (Dauzat, Dick) and on memory (Lowenthal, Schama). The examples are collected in the research already published on the toponymy of Bento Gonçalves (RS), Brazil. The relation between toponymy, history and memory is determinant not only in the act of naming but in the interpretation of these names as well

La violence et le judiciaire

La violence dans la plupart des pays européens et en Amérique du Nord est une préoccupation de plus en plus vive : aux yeux de beaucoup, elle met en cause la cohésion de la société. Mais comment la violence a-t-elle été considérée dans le passé ? Bien des pratiques tenues aujourd’hui pour violentes par l’institution judiciaire et par la société ne l’ont pas toujours été. Certaines formes de violence ont même pu bénéficier d’une légitimité sociale. Comment alors le pouvoir judiciaire a-t-il réagi ? S’est-il opposé à la violence, au risque d’entretenir une distance avec la société, ou bien a-t-il choisi d’ignorer des formes de violence pourtant illégales ? Comment considérer la violence que l’institution judiciaire a elle-même sécrétée ? Depuis le xixe siècle, des problèmes inédits ont surgi : les frontières de la violence se sont déplacées. De nouvelles violences ont été prises en compte par l’institution judiciaire : violences sur les enfants, violences conjugales, violences liées au monde du travail, violences scolaires… Les manières de l’appréhender ont aussi évolué : on a vu émerger la notion de victime, qui n’avait pas vraiment été prise en considération auparavant. Ainsi la justice pénale a-t-elle acquis de nouvelles fonctions, en étendant son territoire dans une société de plus en plus régulée par le droit des personnes. Autre innovation : les violences dues aux guerres au xxe siècle ont aussi donné naissance à des traitements judiciaires spécifiques avec la création de tribunaux particuliers. Les auteurs de ce livre mettent donc en perspective historique la violence et l’institution judiciaire depuis le Moyen Âge. En révélant ses inflexions, ils invitent à relire les théoriciens de l’évolution historique de la violence. Ils aident aussi à réfléchir au traitement judiciaire actuel des violences en apportant un recul indispensable