The Physical and Cultural Background

The Sunken Village wet site (35MU4) is on one of the most important river junctures on the Northwest Coast of North America – where the Columbia River drainage of British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, U.S.A. is joined by the Willamette River flowing through much of western Oregon State, U.S.A. (Figure 2.1). The site is on Sauvie Island, where a major aquifer pumps under the natural levee into Multnomah Channel, providing a unique 125 m wide beach area where acorns placed in shallow hemlock bough-lined pits were leached in huge numbers by ancient Multnomah Peoples (Figure 2.2)

The 2006 and 2007 Field Seasons at Sunken Village

As mentioned, the 2005 erosion of the dike placed on the natural levee facing the intertidal waterlogged portion of the Sunken Village site had threatened the residents of the island, initiating a proposal by the Sauvie Island Drainage Improvement Company (SIDIC) to place protective rip-rap rock along the face of the bank. Since the site is on navigational waters under the authority of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, field evaluation of this National Historic Landmark archaeological wet site was required to assess the potential effects of placing protective rip rap rock on the channel bank in order to comply with U.S. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (Croes et al. 2006)

Production of linalool, cis- and trans-nerolidol, and trans,trans-farnesol by Saccharomyces fermentati growing as a film on simulated wine

Linalool, cis-nerolidol, trans-nerolidol, and trans,trans-farnesol are produced in low concentrations by the wine yeast Saccharomyces fermentati growing as a film for 10 weeks on the surface of a simulated fino sherry containing ethanol as the only volatile carbon containing compound. lt is not known whether Saccharomyces cerevisiae also produces terpenes while fermenting grape juice to wine. However, caution seems advisable in differentiating among Vitis vinifera cultivars on the basis of terpenes found in the wines.Die Bildung von Linalool, cis- und trans-Nerolidol sowie trans,trans-Farnesol durch eine Decke von Saccharomyces fermentati auf einem ModellweinDie deckenbildende Form von Saccharomyces fermentati erzeugte im Verlauf von 10 Wochen auf einem simulierten Fino-Sherry, der als einzige flüchtige Kohlenstoffverbindung Äthanol enthielt, geringe Mengen von Linalool, cis-Nerolidol, trans-Nerolidol und trans,trans-Farnesol. Es ist zwar nicht bekannt, ob Saccharomyces cerevisiae bei der Vergärung von Traubensaft ebenfalls Terpene bildet; trotzdem scheint Vorsicht geboten zu sein, wenn Vitis-vinifera-Sorten aufgrund der in den Weinen gefundenen Terpene charakterisiert werden

Artifact Analyses

Over 50 years of collecting and intentional vandalism at the Sunken Village wet site has demonstrated the potential material culture data preservation at this waterlogged site, and finally we can report a systematic characterization of the overall material culture – both debitage and examples of discrete artifacts. The previously and unprofessionally collected basketry, cordage and wooden artifacts reflected the wealth of wood and fiber artifacts thanks to the waterlogged preservation of the site, however collecting is very selective. The analytical power of the basketry was noted over twenty years ago, reflecting a distinct Chinookan style (Croes 1987). As reported next, this artifact analysis may even have a much broader implications for a North Pacific cultural sharing, both in the use of acorn pit processing and distinct basketry styles, factors never perceived before these initial professional explorations

Ecofacts – Plant and Animal Analyses

Wet sites, due to reduced oxygen, provide excellent preservation of both plant and animal remains. Due to the clear importance of Sunken Village as an acorn leaching and processing location – largely because of the aquifer streaming through this approximately 100–125 m of intertidal beach – the focus in Section 4 is on the leaching pits and acorn remains. First we begin with a look at identifying the actual plant materials and fuels used at this site, requiring both visual observations of the plant remains and also cellular analysis of the wood, fibers and charcoal. Many of the perishable artifacts are introduced in this section while identifying their wood and fiber construction materials. Second we report the abundant acorns and acorn leaching pit features, so numerous at Sunken Village. Third, seed retrieval is explored, comparing the results of flotation techniques and fine wet screening. And finally, the faunal analysis reflects the use of these animal resources in a secondary position, and probably to support the group while managing the acorn leaching pits from this site. The obvious contrast here to other Northwest Coast and Columbia River sites is the reduced focus on fisheries from this location

Immune loss as a driver of coexistence during host-phage coevolution

Bacteria and their viral pathogens face constant pressure for augmented immune and infective capabilities, respectively. Under this reciprocally imposed selective regime, we expect to see a runaway evolutionary arms race, ultimately leading to the extinction of one species. Despite this prediction, in many systems host and pathogen coexist with minimal coevolution even when wellmixed. Previous work explained this puzzling phenomenon by invoking fitness tradeoffs, which can diminish an arms race dynamic. Here we propose that the regular loss of immunity by the bacterial host can also produce host-phage coexistence. We pair a general model of immunity with an experimental and theoretical case study of the CRISPR-Cas immune system to contrast the behavior of tradeoff and loss mechanisms in well-mixed systems. We find that, while both mechanisms can produce stable coexistence, only immune loss does so robustly within realistic parameter ranges

New Young Star Candidates in BRC 27 and BRC 34

We used archival Spitzer Space Telescope mid-infrared data to search for young stellar objects (YSOs) in the immediate vicinity of two bright-rimmed clouds, BRC 27 (part of CMa R1) and BRC 34 (part of the IC 1396 complex). These regions both appear to be actively forming young stars, perhaps triggered by the proximate OB stars. In BRC 27, we find clear infrared excesses around 22 of the 26 YSOs or YSO candidates identified in the literature, and identify 16 new YSO candidates that appear to have IR excesses. In BRC 34, the one literature-identified YSO has an IR excess, and we suggest 13 new YSO candidates in this region, including a new Class I object. Considering the entire ensemble, both BRCs are likely of comparable ages, within the uncertainties of small number statistics and without spectroscopy to confirm or refute the YSO candidates. Similarly, no clear conclusions can yet be drawn about any possible age gradients that may be present across the BRCs.Comment: 54 pages, 19 figures, accepted by A