Supplier diversification under binomial yield

Cataloged from PDF version of article.We consider supplier diversification in an EOQ type inventory setting with multiple suppliers and binomial yields. We characterize the optimal policy for the model and show that, in this case, it does not pay to diversify, in contrast to previous results in the random yield literature. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Nursing students' approaches toward Euthanasia

PubMed ID: 25084711Background: In Turkey, which is a secular, democratic nation with a majority Muslim population, euthanasia is illegal and regarded as murder. Nurses and sti.idents can be faced with ethical dilemmas and a lack of a legal basis, with a conflict of religious beliefs and social and cultural values concerning euthanasia. The aim of this study was to investigate undergraduate nursing students' attitudes towards euthanasia. Method. The study, which had a descriptive design, was conducted with 600 students. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year nursing students at a school of nursing were contacted in May 2009, and 383 students (63.8% of the study population of a total of 600 students) gave informed consent. Two tools were used in accordance with questionnaire preparation rules. Results: The majority of students were female and single (96.9%), and their mean age was 21.3 ± 1.5 years. A majority (78.9%) stated they had received no training course/education on the concept of euthanasia. Nearly one-third (32.4%) of the students were against euthanasia; 14.3% of the students in the study agreed that if their relatives had an irreversible, lethal condition, passive euthanasia could be performed. In addition, 24.8% of the students agreed that if they themselves had an irreversible, lethal condition, passive euthanasia could be performed. Less than half (42.5%) of the students thought that discussions about euthanasia could be useful. There was a significant relation between the study year and being against euthanasia (p < 0.05), the idea that euthanasia could be abused (p < 0.05), and the idea that euthanasia was unethical (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that the lack of legal regulations, ethical considerations, religious beliefs, and work experience with dying patients affect nursing students' attitudes towards euthanasia. © 2014, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc

Ex Vivo Expansion of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells with Valproic Acid or Nicotinamide is Able to Accelerate Engraftment in a NSG Mouse Transplant Model

Background: The major obstacle against wider use of cord blood (CB) hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is low level of HSC counts causing delay in both hematopoietic and immunological recovery. In recent years, HSC expansion strategies with small molecules ie Valproic acid (VPA) or nicotinamide (NAM) have yielded the most promising results. In Ankara University Cord Blood Bank, we have previously demonstrated increase in CD34 content and CFU-GM in the presence of VPA and/or NAM. Aims: To ascertain the functionality of expanded HSCs, we have initiated a mice stem cell transplant model using non-obese diabetic (NOD)Cg-Prkdcscid IL2rgtmWjl stocks of Rag2null mice (NSG mice). Methods: Following consent CD34+ cells were isolated by positive selection using MACS CD34 MicroBead Kit-UltraPure system (Miltenyi Biotec) from fresh CBUs collected at Ankara University or Hacettepe University, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Subsequently, 3.500 CD34+ cells per ml were plated in StemSpan medium in the presence of cytokine cocktail containing SCF, Flt3L, IL-3 and IL-6 (StemCell Technologies) w/wo VPA (1 mM) and/or NAM (5 mM). VPA, NAM and VPA + NAM added cultures were incubated at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 8 days, 21 days and either 8 or 21 days, respectively. Following incubation CD34+ cells were washed and evaluated against their colony forming capacities using MethoCult Enriched wo EPO (StemCell Technologies) medium and cell viabilities were detected with 7-AAD and HSC phenotyping were performed by flow cytometry (Beckman Coulter) using labeled CD34 and CD45 monoclonal antibodies. Expanded cells were transplanted to 8- to 12 weeks old NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid IL2rgtmWjl/Sz (NSG) mice, purchased from The Jackson Laboratory and maintained under specific pathogen- free conditions at Laboratory of Animal Research Center in Ankara University. 24 hours prior to transplantation, mice were injected with busulfan through the tail vein (25 mg/kg, 50-100 g per dose). The next day, stem cell harvests (2,5 × 104 - 5 × 105 total nucleated cells (TNC) suspended in 200 ?l PBS) were transplanted by intravenous injection. Following transplantation complete blood count was performed on peripheral blood drawn from the tail vein in every 3-7 days. As control unexpanded CD34 HSCs and cytokine only expanded HSCs were used. Results: Two CBUs were successfully expanded with or without VPA and/or NAM in the presence of cytokine cocktail. All expanded HSCs were found to be competent on CFU-GM assays. Either freshly isolated or expanded HSCs were transplanted into 12 mice in total. One mouse was transplanted with non-expanded HSCs; 2 mice with cytokine-only-expanded HSCs; 2 mice with VPA-expanded HSCs and 2 mice with VPA + NAM expanded HSCs on the 8th day of the expansion. 2 mice with NAM-expanded HSCs and 1 mouse with VPA + NAM expanded HSCs on the 21st day of expansion. WBC counts of mice in different time points are shown in Figure 1. Summary/Conclusion: Our preliminary findings show that expanded CB HSCs are capable of increasing the peripheral WBC counts. VPA and/or NAM mediated expanded HSC led to an increase in WBC counts (>1 × 109/L) earlier than the non-transplanted or unexpanded HSC transplanted mice. Since VPA mediated expansion can be achieved within 8 days, VPA-expanded HSCs seem to be the most rapid way to achieve early engraftment in vivo