"Employment Guarantee Programs: A Survey of Theories and Policy Experiences"

This working paper provides a survey of the theoretical underpinnings for the various employment guarantee schemes, and discusses full employment policy experiences in the United States, Sweden, India, Argentina, and France. The theoretical and policy developments are delineated in a historical context. The paper concludes by identifying some questions that still need to be addressed in the context of the global political economy.

GAN Augmented Text Anomaly Detection with Sequences of Deep Statistics

Anomaly detection is the process of finding data points that deviate from a baseline. In a real-life setting, anomalies are usually unknown or extremely rare. Moreover, the detection must be accomplished in a timely manner or the risk of corrupting the system might grow exponentially. In this work, we propose a two level framework for detecting anomalies in sequences of discrete elements. First, we assess whether we can obtain enough information from the statistics collected from the discriminator's layers to discriminate between out of distribution and in distribution samples. We then build an unsupervised anomaly detection module based on these statistics. As to augment the data and keep track of classes of known data, we lean toward a semi-supervised adversarial learning applied to discrete elements.Comment: 5 pages, 53rd Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, CISS 201

Stabilization and Solution of Two Diminution Nonlinear Hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations Using the Discretized Backstepping Method

Stabilizability and solvability of the two – dimensional nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equation has experienced a growing popularity and of major interest of robust control theory. Therefore, in this paper, the backstepping transformation approach based on discretization of the space variable will be used to study the Stabilizability and solvability of nonlinear two dimensional hyperbolic partial differential equations by transforming the partial differential equation with unknown boundary control in to system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations and then using Lyapunov function method to stabilize and evaluate the control function, while the solution is obtained using Adem-bashforth method.Keywords: Backstepping method, hyperbolic partial differential equation, Stabilization of boundary control problems, Lyapunov function

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI VOLUME EKSPOR FURNITUR ROTAN INDONESIA PERIODE 2009–2017

Abstrak - Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Volume Ekspor furnitur rotan Indonesia periode 2009-2017. Data deret waktu sebanyak 108 data dengan periode waktu Januari 2009-Desember 2017 sebagai sampel penelitian. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif menggunakan statistik regresi linier berganda yang didukung oleh program aplikasi Eviews 9.0. Hasil uji-t menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh signifikan antara Harga Ekspor furnitur Rotan Indonesia, Nilai Tukar, dan Produk Domestik Bruto Terhadap Volume Ekspor Furnitur Rotan Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Volume Ekspor Furnitur Rotan Indonesia, Harga Ekspor Furnitur Rotan Indonesia, Nilai Tukar, Produk Domestik Bruto. Abstract - This research aims to determine the factors that affect the export volume of Indonesian rattan furniture period 2009-2017. Time series data as much as 108 data with the time period of January 2009-December 2017 as the research sample. Type of research is descriptive analysis method with quantitative approach using multiple linear regression statistic supported by application program Eviews 9.0. Result of t-test has shown that there is a partial influence between Indonesia Rattan Furniture Export Prices, Exchange Rate, and Gross Domestic Product on Export Volume of Indonesia Rattan Furniture. Keywords: Export Volume of Indonesia Rattan Furniture, Indonesia Rattan Furniture Export Prices, Exchange Rate, Gross Domestic Product

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI VOLUME EKSPOR FURNITUR ROTAN INDONESIA PERIODE 2009–2017

Abstrak - Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Volume Ekspor furnitur rotan Indonesia periode 2009-2017. Data deret waktu sebanyak 108 data dengan periode waktu Januari 2009-Desember 2017 sebagai sampel penelitian. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif menggunakan statistik regresi linier berganda yang didukung oleh program aplikasi Eviews 9.0. Hasil uji-t menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh signifikan antara Harga Ekspor furnitur Rotan Indonesia, Nilai Tukar, dan Produk Domestik Bruto Terhadap Volume Ekspor Furnitur Rotan Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Volume Ekspor Furnitur Rotan Indonesia, Harga Ekspor Furnitur Rotan Indonesia, Nilai Tukar, Produk Domestik Bruto. Abstract - This research aims to determine the factors that affect the export volume of Indonesian rattan furniture period 2009-2017. Time series data as much as 108 data with the time period of January 2009-December 2017 as the research sample. Type of research is descriptive analysis method with quantitative approach using multiple linear regression statistic supported by application program Eviews 9.0. Result of t-test has shown that there is a partial influence between Indonesia Rattan Furniture Export Prices, Exchange Rate, and Gross Domestic Product on Export Volume of Indonesia Rattan Furniture. Keywords: Export Volume of Indonesia Rattan Furniture, Indonesia Rattan Furniture Export Prices, Exchange Rate, Gross Domestic Product

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI VOLUME EKSPOR FURNITUR ROTAN INDONESIA PERIODE 2009–2017

Abstrak - Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Volume Ekspor furnitur rotan Indonesia periode 2009-2017. Data deret waktu sebanyak 108 data dengan periode waktu Januari 2009-Desember 2017 sebagai sampel penelitian. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif menggunakan statistik regresi linier berganda yang didukung oleh program aplikasi Eviews 9.0. Hasil uji-t menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh signifikan antara Harga Ekspor furnitur Rotan Indonesia, Nilai Tukar, dan Produk Domestik Bruto Terhadap Volume Ekspor Furnitur Rotan Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Volume Ekspor Furnitur Rotan Indonesia, Harga Ekspor Furnitur Rotan Indonesia, Nilai Tukar, Produk Domestik Bruto. Abstract - This research aims to determine the factors that affect the export volume of Indonesian rattan furniture period 2009-2017. Time series data as much as 108 data with the time period of January 2009-December 2017 as the research sample. Type of research is descriptive analysis method with quantitative approach using multiple linear regression statistic supported by application program Eviews 9.0. Result of t-test has shown that there is a partial influence between Indonesia Rattan Furniture Export Prices, Exchange Rate, and Gross Domestic Product on Export Volume of Indonesia Rattan Furniture. Keywords: Export Volume of Indonesia Rattan Furniture, Indonesia Rattan Furniture Export Prices, Exchange Rate, Gross Domestic Product

Raptor Codes for BIAWGN Channel: SNR Mismatch and the Optimality of the Inner and Outer Rates

Fountain codes are a class of rateless codes with two interesting properties, first, they can generate potentially limitless numbers of encoded symbols given a finite set of source symbols, and second, the source symbols can be recovered from any subset of encoded symbols with cardinality greater than the number of source symbols. Raptor codes are the first implementation of fountain codes with linear complexity and vanishing error floors on noisy channels. Raptor codes are designed by the serial concatenation of an inner Luby trans-form (LT) code, the first practical realization of fountain codes, and an outer low-density parity-check (LDPC) code. Raptor codes were designed to operate on the binary erasure channel (BEC), however, since their invention they received considerable attention in or-der to improve their performance on noisy channels, and especially additive white Gaussiannoise (AWGN) channels. This dissertation considers two issues that face Raptor codes on the binary input additive white Gaussian noise (BIAWGN) channel: inaccurate estimation of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the optimality of inner and outer rates. First, for codes that use a belief propagation algorithm (BPA) in decoding, such as Raptor codes on the BIAWGN channel, accurate estimation of the channel SNR is crucial to achieving optimal performance by the decoder. A difference between the estimated SNR and the actual channel SNR is known as signal to noise ratio mismatch (SNRM). Using asymptomatic analysis and simulation, we show the degrading effects of SNRM on Raptor codes and observe that if the mismatch is large enough, it can cause the decoding to fail. Using the discretized density evolution (DDE) algorithm with the modifications required to simulate the asymptotic performance in the case of SNRM, we determine the decoding threshold of Raptor codes for different values of SNRM ratio. Determining the threshold under SNRM enables us to quantify its effects which in turn can be used to reach important conclusions about the effects of SNRM on Raptor codes. Also, it can be used to compare Raptor codes with different designs in terms of their tolerance to SNRM. Based on the threshold response to SNRM, we observe that SNR underestimation is slightly less detrimental to Raptor codes than SNR overestimation for lower levels of mismatch ratio, however, as the mismatch increases, underestimation becomes more detrimental. Further, it can help estimate the tolerance of a Raptor code, with certain code parameters when transmitted at some SNR value, to SNRM. Or equivalently, help estimate the SNR needed for a given code to achieve a certain level of tolerance to SNRM. Using our observations about the performance of Raptor codes under SNRM, we propose an optimization method to design output degree distributions of the LT part that can be used to construct Raptor codes with more tolerance to high levels of SNRM. Second, we study the effects of choosing different values of inner and outer code rate pairs on the decoding threshold and performance of Raptor codes on the BIAWGN channel. For concatenated codes such as Raptor codes, given any instance of the overall code rate R, different inner (Ri) and outer (Ro) code rate combinations can be used to share the available redundancy as long asR=RiRo. Determining the optimal inner and outer rate pair can improve the threshold and performance of Raptor codes. Using asymptotic analysis, we show the effect of the rate pair choice on the threshold of Raptor codes on the BIAWGN channel and how the optimal rate pair is decided. We also show that Raptor codes with different output degree distributions can have different optimal rate pairs, therefore, by identifying the optimal rate pair we can further improve the performance and avoid suboptimal use of the code. We make the observation that as the outer rate of Raptor codes increases the potential of achieving better threshold increases, and provide the reason why the optimal outer rate of Raptor codes cannot occur at lower values. Finally, we present an optimization method that considers the optimality of the inner and outer rates in designing the output degree distribution of the inner LT part of Raptor codes. The designed distributions show improvement in both the decoding threshold and performance compared to other code designs that do not consider the optimality of the inner and outer rates

Novel Photodynamic Cancer Therapy Agent and Biochemical Phosphate Sensor Based on Nanomaterials

Biochemical research and clinical studies have revolutionized the field of medicine in both diagnosis and therapy. Researchers in the field of biochemistry and biotechnology are using nanomaterials in different applications to develop devices and materials that offer benefits to both patients and the health care industry. These include biochemical sensors, enzyme encapsulation, biomarkers, and drug delivery improvements for the treatment of cancer. This dissertation focuses on investigating two biochemical aspects using nanomaterials; namely therapy and clinical diagnosis. For therapy purposes, Silica nanoparticles were used as drug delivery system to develop a new photodynamic cancer therapy agent photo-acid generator (PAG) that selectively induces necrotic cell death of cancer cells. The developed PAG is oxygen-independent and - when excited at specific wavelengths - drops the pH within the lysosome of cancer cells to produce apoptosis/necrosis. It was specifically designed for in vivo applications and conjugated with synthesized, highly monodispersed silica nanoparticles (Si NPs) functionalized with amine groups via amid links (SiN-NH-PAG). Additional Features include high photo-acid quantum yield, high one-photon (1PA) and two-photon absorption (2PA) with low fluorescence quantum yield. In vivo, confocal microscope studies with HCT-116 (Human colorectal carcinoma) cancer cells showed that photodynamic processes in the presence of PAG were completed under one- photon absorption (1PA) conditions. In these experiments, cells were imaged at 1 min intervals for a total of 4 hours with the aid of Differential Interference Contrast (DIC). Among the photodynamic therapy agents tested via cytotoxicity experiments with the MTS assay, (SiN-NH- PAG) showed the best efficiency to induce cell death. The increased effectiveness of the new agent is probably due to the large number of PAG groups present on the surface of Si NPs. Lysosome colocalization indicates that PAGs are mainly built in lysosomes. The increase of acidic content inside the lysosome was demonstrated with the aid of the LysoSensor Green probe. The drop in the intralysosomal pH was approximately 0.3 units. This is a desirable outcome as most cells underwent necrosis at pH ? 4.4. For clinical diagnosis purposes, a biochemical sensor was developed for the analysis of phosphate ions in urine samples. Abnormal levels of inorganic phosphate in human urine samples are related to the development of certain types of cancers affecting several organs of the human body, including breast, pancreas, lung and thyroid. The new biochemical sensor is based on the fluorescence energy transfer between a lanthanide luminescent probe [Tb-EDTA]-1 and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) capped with a Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micelle. With this approach, it was possible to selectively determine inorganic phosphate (Pi) in urine samples at the micro-molar concentration level. Urine samples collected from healthy, non-smoking individuals showed no interference from concomitants usually found in human urine samples. The simplicity of analysis provides an approach well-suited for real-time monitoring of phosphate ions. Analysis time is made possible within approximately 10 min per sample