Obesity, diabetes and OSAS induce of sleep disorders: Exercise as therapy

Sleep is an integral part of good health. Sleep disorders and variations in sleep habits are associated with a low-grade inflammatory status, which may be either a cause or consequence of other conditions, including obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Several strategies are available to counteract these conditions including continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), pharmacological and nutritional interventions, and even surgery. At present, our group is investigating the effect of chronic endurance exercise on sleep alterations

Can high altitude influence cytokines and sleep?

The number of persons who relocate to regions of high altitude for work, pleasure, sport, or residence increases every year. It is known that the reduced supply of oxygen (O-2) induced by acute or chronic increases in altitude stimulates the body to adapt to new metabolic challenges imposed by hypoxia. Sleep can suffer partial fragmentation because of the exposure to high altitudes, and these changes have been described as one of the responsible factors for the many consequences at high altitudes. We conducted a review of the literature during the period from 1987 to 2012. This work explored the relationships among inflammation, hypoxia and sleep in the period of adaptation and examined a novel mechanism that might explain the harmful effects of altitude on sleep, involving increased Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production from several tissues and cells, such as leukocytes and cells from skeletal muscle and brain.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psicobiol, São Paulo, BrazilCEPE, São Paulo, BrazilUNIFESP, Dept Biociencias, BR-11030400 Santos, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Ctr Estudos Psicobiol & Exercicio, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Sao Judas Tadeu, Lab Movimento Humano, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Fac Med, Inst Coracao InCor, Unidade Hipertensao, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psicobiol, São Paulo, BrazilUNIFESP, Dept Biociencias, BR-11030400 Santos, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Ctr Estudos Psicobiol & Exercicio, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Dietary whey protein lessens several risk factors for metabolic diseases: a review

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) have grown in prevalence around the world, and recently, related diseases have been considered epidemic. Given the high cost of treatment of obesity/DM-associated diseases, strategies such as dietary manipulation have been widely studied; among them, the whey protein diet has reached popularity because it has been suggested as a strategy for the prevention and treatment of obesity and DM in both humans and animals. Among its main actions, the following activities stand out: reduction of serum glucose in healthy individuals, impaired glucose tolerance in DM and obese patients; reduction in body weight; maintenance of muscle mass; increases in the release of anorectic hormones such as cholecystokinin, leptin, and glucagon like-peptide 1 (GLP-1); and a decrease in the orexigenic hormone ghrelin. Furthermore, studies have shown that whey protein can also lead to reductions in blood pressure, inflammation, and oxidative stress.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Univ Estadual Campinas UNICAMP, Dept Clin Med, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Inst Ciencias Biomed, Dept Fisiol & Biofis, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Extremo Catarinense, Lab Bioquim & Fisiol Exercicio, Criciuma, SC, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista UNESP, Dept Patol, Botucatu, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Fisiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Psicobiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Fisiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Psicobiol, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Intoxication of newly implanted coffee plants by simulated drift of the dicamba herbicide

After the release of soybean cultivars resistant to the herbicide dicamba, this product should be used more frequently in weed management programs, which may increase the risk of drift to neighboring crops, since the molecules are volatile and might cause damage in non-target plants. This work was developed to evaluate the effects of sub-doses of the herbicide dicamba on young coffee plants, simulating a drift situation. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, with a randomized block design of eight treatments and five replications. Each plot consisted of a 4 L pot, filled with sieved clayey soil and tanned manure (3:1 v/v), with a seedling of Catuaí IAC 144 coffee. The treatments used were: 0 (control), 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, and 100.0 g ha−1 of dicamba. Plant's percentual phytotoxicity was evaluated up to 49 days after application (DAA), SPAD index (14, 28, and 42 DAA), and dry matter biomass, at 49 DAA. In all evaluations, no differences were observed regarding phytotoxicity for dicamba sub-doses of up to 0.01 g ha−1. The highest doses of dicamba caused visual injuries of up to 31%. At 49 DAA, there were no differences regarding dry matter biomass. Leaf symptoms caused by the herbicide were observed, such as curling, wrinkling, and epinasty. No plant death was observed. Compared to other crops, coffee might be considered more tolerant to sub-doses of dicamba, with adequate recovery capacity for reduced doses of this herbicide

Low-grade inflammation and spinal cord injury: exercise as therapy?

An increase in the prevalence of obesity in people with spinal cord injury can contribute to low-grade chronic inflammation and increase the risk of infection in this population. A decrease in sympathetic activity contributes to immunosuppression due to the lower activation of immune cells in the blood. the effects of physical exercise on inflammatory parameters in individuals with spinal cord injury have not been well described. We conducted a review of the literature published from 1974 to 2012. This review explored the relationships between low-grade inflammation, spinal cord injury, and exercise to discuss a novel mechanism that might explain the beneficial effects of exercise involving an increase in catecholamines and cytokines in people with spinal cord injury.Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa (AFIP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Centro Multidisciplinar em Sonolência e Acidentes (CEMSA)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Centros de Pesquisa, Expansão e Difusão do Instituto do Sono CEPID/SONOCEPIDUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercicio (CEPE)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Dept Psicobiol, BR-04020050 São Paulo, BrazilCtr Estudos Psicobiol & Exercicio, BR-04020050 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Extremo Sul Catarinense, Programa Posgrad Ciencias Saude, Lab Fisiol & Bioquim Exercicio, Criciuma, SC, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Dept Biociencias, BR-04020050 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Sao Judas Tadeu, Lab Movimento Humano, BR-04020050 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Dept Psicobiol, BR-04020050 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Dept Biociencias, BR-04020050 São Paulo, BrazilCEPID: 98/143003-3Web of Scienc

Ingestão prévia de BCAA melhora desempenho em corredores amadores

Uma das manipulações dietéticas mais utilizadas entre atletas que praticam atividades de endurance é a suplementação com aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada (BCAA). Entretanto, o papel ergogênico destes aminoácidos ainda não está totalmente estabelecido. Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do consumo de BCAA sobre o desempenho em corrida de 10 km. Os sujeitos (n=11 homens) deste estudo foram recrutados de maneira aleatória, eram saudáveis e não atletas, idade entre 20 a 40 anos, os quais foram divididos em grupo Placebo (n=5) e grupo BCAA (n=6). O consumo de BCAA (18 mg.kg-1) ou placebo, seguindo modelo duplo cego cruzado, foi realizado 1h antes do início da prova. A prova de rua teve percurso controlado de 10 km. Com relação ao desempenho na prova, foi detectada diferença estatística entre o grupo que ingeriu previamente BCAA (46,8±8,72 min) e o grupo Placebo (54,5±9,40 min; p<0,05). No entanto, não foi observado diferença na percepção subjetiva do esforço (Escala de Borg) entre os dois grupos estudados. Em conclusão, a suplementação de BCAA afetou o desempenho de corredores de rua não atletas, sem alterações visíveis sobre a percepção subjetiva do esforço

Ingestão prévia de BCAA melhora desempenho em corredores amadores

Uma das manipulações dietéticas mais utilizadas entre atletas que praticam atividades de endurance é a suplementação com aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada (BCAA). Entretanto, o papel ergogênico destes aminoácidos ainda não está totalmente estabelecido. Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do consumo de BCAA sobre o desempenho em corrida de 10 km. Os sujeitos (n=11 homens) deste estudo foram recrutados de maneira aleatória, eram saudáveis e não atletas, idade entre 20 a 40 anos, os quais foram divididos em grupo Placebo (n=5) e grupo BCAA (n=6). O consumo de BCAA (18 mg.kg-1) ou placebo, seguindo modelo duplo cego cruzado, foi realizado 1h antes do início da prova. A prova de rua teve percurso controlado de 10 km. Com relação ao desempenho na prova, foi detectada diferença estatística entre o grupo que ingeriu previamente BCAA (46,8±8,72 min) e o grupo Placebo (54,5±9,40 min; p&lt;0,05). No entanto, não foi observado diferença na percepção subjetiva do esforço (Escala de Borg) entre os dois grupos estudados. Em conclusão, a suplementação de BCAA afetou o desempenho de corredores de rua não atletas, sem alterações visíveis sobre a percepção subjetiva do esforço

Biología reproductiva del dorado, Coryphaena hippurus (Actinopterygii: Coryphaenidae), en el Archipiélago de San Pedro y San Pablo, Brasil

In order to elucidate the main aspects related to dolphinfish reproduction around Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, 862 individuals caught in that area by commercial handline fishing were examined between 2007 and 2011. From those specimens, it was possible to assess the sex in 782 specimens (271 males and 511 females) and the levels of gonadal maturation in 536 of them (175 males and 361 females). The fork length (FL) of the examined specimens varied between 27 and 150 cm. Sex ratio found was 1.0 male: 1.9 females, but the difference was not statistically significant in April (χ2=0.08), August (χ2=0.82) and October (χ2=3.63). However, by size interval, sex ratio was 1.0 male: 1.0 female for FL between 120 and 130 cm. The gonadal index showed the highest values in February for males and in April for females. Most spawning-capable specimens were found in February (males 36.4%) and in May (females 42.2%). The length of size-at-50%-maturity (L50) was estimated at 70.66 cm FL for males and 68.60 cm FL for females. The results suggest that the period of highest reproductive activity occurs between April and June.Con el objetivo de estudiar la reproducción del dorado capturado con línea de mano por la flota pesquera en los alrededores del Archipiélago de San Pedro y San Pablo, entre 2007 y 2011 se examinaron un total de 862 ejemplares de esta especie. Fue posible identificar el sexo de 782 de estos ejemplares (271 machos y 511 hembras), así como los estados de madurez gonadal de 536. La longitud furcal (LF) de los ejemplares examinados varió entre 27 y 150 cm. La proporción de sexos fue de 1 macho por 1.9 hembras, aunque en abril (χ2=0.08), agosto (χ2=0.82) y octubre (χ2=3.63) la proporción de sexos no fue significativamente diferente de 1:1, ni en los ejemplares entre 120 y 130 cm LF. El índice gonadal mostró mayores valores en febrero para machos y en abril para hembras. El mayor porcentaje de individuos maduros se observó en febrero y mayo. La talla de primera madurez sexual (L50) se estimó en 70.66 cm LF para machos y 68.60 cm LF para hembras. Los resultados sugieren que el periodo de mayor intensidad reproductiva se sitúa entre abril y junio

Endotoxin levels correlate positively with a sedentary lifestyle and negatively with highly trained subjects

Introduction: A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. This phenomenon is supported by recent studies suggesting a chronic, low-grade inflammation status. Endotoxin derived from gut flora may be key to the development of inflammation by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory factors. This study aimed to examine plasma inflammatory markers and endotoxin levels in individuals with a sedentary lifestyle and/or in highly trained subjects at rest. Methods: Fourteen male subjects (sedentary lifestyle n = 7; highly trained subjects n = 7) were recruited. Blood samples were collected after an overnight fast (similar to 12 h). the plasmatic endotoxin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1), ICAM/CD54, VCAM/CD106 and lipid profile levels were determined.Results: Endotoxinemia was lower in the highly trained subject group relative to the sedentary subjects (p < 0.002). in addition, we observed a positive correlation between endotoxin and PAI-1 (r = 0.85, p < 0.0001), endotoxin and total cholesterol (r = 0.65; p < 0.01), endotoxin and LDL-c (r = 0.55; p < 0.049) and endotoxin and TG levels (r = 0.90; p < 0.0001). the plasma levels of MCP-1, ICAM/CD54 and VCAM/CD106 did not differ.Conclusion: These results indicate that a lifestyle associated with high-intensity and high-volume exercise induces favorable changes in chronic low-grade inflammation markers and may reduce the risk for diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Physiol, Div Nutr, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biosci, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Canc Metab Grp, Inst Biomed Sci, Dept Cell & Dev Biol, BR-05508 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Prebiteriana Mackenzie, Dept Phys Educ, Biol & Hlth Sci Ctr, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Physiol, Div Nutr, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biosci, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 2008/03533-1Web of Scienc