367 research outputs found
The Black Hole Mass and Extreme Orbital Structure in NGC1399
The largest galaxies, and in particular central galaxies in clusters, offer
unique insight into understanding the mechanism for the growth of nuclear black
holes. We present Hubble Space Telescope kinematics for NGC1399, the central
galaxy in Fornax. We find the best-fit model contains a black hole of 5.1 +-0.7
x 10^8 Msun (at a distance of 21.1 Mpc), a factor of over 2 below the
correlation of black hole mass and velocity dispersion. We also find a dramatic
signature for central tangential anisotropy. The velocity profiles on adjacent
sides 0.5" away from the nucleus show strong bimodality, and the central
spectrum shows a large drop in the dispersion. Both of these observations point
to an orbital distribution that is tangentially biased. The best-fit orbital
model suggests a ratio of the tangential to radial internal velocity
dispersions of three. This ratio is the largest seen in any galaxy to date and
will provide an important measure for the mode by which the central black hole
has grown.Comment: 9 pages, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa
A Quintet Of Black Hole Mass Determinations
We report five new measurements of central black hole masses based on Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph and Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 observations with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and on axisymmetric, three-integral, Schwarzschild orbit-library kinematic models. We selected a sample of galaxies within a narrow range in velocity dispersion that cover a range of galaxy parameters (including Hubble type and core/power-law surface density profile) where we expected to be able to resolve the galaxy's sphere of influence based on the predicted value of the black hole mass from the M-sigma relation. We find masses for the following galaxies: NGC3585, M(BH) = 3.4(-0.6)(+1.5) x 10(8) M(circle dot;) NGC 3607, M(BH) = 1.2(-0.4)(+0.4) x 10(8) M(circle dot); NGC 4026, M(BH) = 2.1(-0.4)(+0.7) x 10(8) M(circle dot); and NGC 5576, M(BH) = 1.8(-0.4)(+0.3) x 10(8) M(circle dot), all significantly excluding M(BH) = 0. For NGC 3945, M(BH) = 9(-21)(+17) x 10(6) M(circle dot), which is significantly below predictions from M-sigma and M-L relations and consistent with MBH = 0, though the presence of a double bar in this galaxy may present problems for our axisymmetric code.NASA/HST GO-5999, GO-6587, GO-6633, GO-7468, GO-9107NASA NAS 5-26555Astronom
The M-sigma and M-L Relations in Galactic Bulges and Determinations of their Intrinsic Scatter
We derive improved versions of the relations between supermassive black hole
mass (M_BH) and host-galaxy bulge velocity dispersion (sigma) and luminosity
(L) (the M-sigma and M-L relations), based on 49 M_BH measurements and 19 upper
limits. Particular attention is paid to recovery of the intrinsic scatter
(epsilon_0) in both relations. We find log(M_BH / M_sun) = alpha + beta *
log(sigma / 200 km/s) with (alpha, beta, epsilon_0) = (8.12 +/- 0.08, 4.24 +/-
0.41, 0.44 +/- 0.06) for all galaxies and (alpha, beta, epsilon_0) = (8.23 +/-
0.08, 3.96 +/- 0.42, 0.31 +/- 0.06) for ellipticals. The results for
ellipticals are consistent with previous studies, but the intrinsic scatter
recovered for spirals is significantly larger. The scatter inferred reinforces
the need for its consideration when calculating local black hole mass function
based on the M-sigma relation, and further implies that there may be
substantial selection bias in studies of the evolution of the M-sigma relation.
We estimate the M-L relationship as log(M_BH / M_sun) = alpha + beta * log(L_V
/ 10^11 L_sun,V) of (alpha, beta, epsilon_0) = (8.95 +/- 0.11, 1.11 +/- 0.18,
0.38 +/- 0.09); using only early-type galaxies. These results appear to be
insensitive to a wide range of assumptions about the measurement errors and the
distribution of intrinsic scatter. We show that culling the sample according to
the resolution of the black hole's sphere of influence biases the relations to
larger mean masses, larger slopes, and incorrect intrinsic residuals.Comment: 27 pages, 18 figures, 7 tables, ApJ accepte
The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centres
We construct dynamical models for a sample of 36 nearby galaxies with Hubble
Space Telescope photometry and ground-based kinematics. The models assume that
each galaxy is axisymmetric, with a two-integral distribution function,
arbitrary inclination angle, a position-independent stellar mass-to-light ratio
Upsilon, and a central massive dark object (MDO) of arbitrary mass M_bh. They
provide acceptable fits to 32 of the galaxies for some value of M_bh and
Upsilon; the four galaxies that cannot be fit have kinematically decoupled
cores. The mass-to-light ratios inferred for the 32 well-fit galaxies are
consistent with the fundamental plane correlation Upsilon \propto L^0.2, where
L is galaxy luminosity. In all but six galaxies the models require at the 95%
confidence level an MDO of mass M_bh ~ 0.006 M_bulge = 0.006 Upsilon L. Five of
the six galaxies consistent with M_bh=0 are also consistent with this
correlation. The other (NGC 7332) has a much stronger upper limit on M_bh. We
consider various parameterizations for the probability distribution describing
the correlation of the masses of these MDOs with other galaxy properties. One
of the best models can be summarized thus: a fraction f ~0.97 of galaxies have
MDOs, whose masses are well described by a Gaussian distribution in log
(M_bh/M_bulge) of mean -2.27 and width ~0.07.Comment: 28 pages including 13 figures and 4 tables. Submitted to A
Machine-learning derived acetabular dysplasia and cam morphology are features of severe hip osteoarthritis : findings from UK Biobank
Acknowledgements and disclosures The authors would like to thank Dr Martin Williams, Consultant Musculoskeletal Radiologist North Bristol NHS Trust, who provided substantial training and expertise in osteophyte assessment on DXA images. This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource (application number 17295). Financial Support: RE, MF, FS are supported, and this work is funded by a Wellcome Trust collaborative award (reference number 209233). BGF is supported by a Medical Research Council (MRC) clinical research training fellowship (MR/S021280/1). CL was funded by the MRC, UK (MR/S00405X/1) as well as a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (223267/Z/21/Z). NCH acknowledges support from the MRC and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton, and University Hospital Southampton. This research was funded in whole, or in part, by the Wellcome Trust [Grant number 223267/Z/21/Z]. NCH has received consultancy, lecture fees and honoraria from Alliance for Better Bone Health, AMGEN, MSD, Eli Lilly, Servier, UCB, Shire, Consilient Healthcare, Kyowa Kirin and Internis Pharma. For the purpose of open access, the author has applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
AEGIS: New Evidence Linking Active Galactic Nuclei to the Quenching of Star Formation
Utilizing Chandra X-ray observations in the All-wavelength Extended Groth
Strip International Survey (AEGIS) we identify 241 X-ray selected Active
Galactic Nuclei (AGNs, L > 10^{42} ergs/s) and study the properties of their
host galaxies in the range 0.4 < z < 1.4. By making use of infrared photometry
from Palomar Observatory and BRI imaging from the Canada-France-Hawaii
Telescope, we estimate AGN host galaxy stellar masses and show that both
stellar mass and photometric redshift estimates (where necessary) are robust to
the possible contamination from AGNs in our X-ray selected sample. Accounting
for the photometric and X-ray sensitivity limits of the survey, we construct
the stellar mass function of X-ray selected AGN host galaxies and find that
their abundance decreases by a factor of ~2 since z~1, but remains roughly flat
as a function of stellar mass. We compare the abundance of AGN hosts to the
rate of star formation quenching observed in the total galaxy population. If
the timescale for X-ray detectable AGN activity is roughly 0.5-1 Gyr--as
suggested by black hole demographics and recent simulations--then we deduce
that the inferred AGN "trigger" rate matches the star formation quenching rate,
suggesting a link between these phenomena. However, given the large range of
nuclear accretion rates we infer for the most massive and red hosts, X-ray
selected AGNs may not be directly responsible for quenching star formation.Comment: 12 pages. Submitted to ApJ. Comments welcom
The slope of the black-hole mass versus velocity dispersion correlation
Observations of nearby galaxies reveal a strong correlation between the mass
of the central dark object M and the velocity dispersion sigma of the host
galaxy, of the form log(M/M_sun) = a + b*log(sigma/sigma_0); however, published
estimates of the slope b span a wide range (3.75 to 5.3). Merritt & Ferrarese
have argued that low slopes (<4) arise because of neglect of random measurement
errors in the dispersions and an incorrect choice for the dispersion of the
Milky Way Galaxy. We show that these explanations account for at most a small
part of the slope range. Instead, the range of slopes arises mostly because of
systematic differences in the velocity dispersions used by different groups for
the same galaxies. The origin of these differences remains unclear, but we
suggest that one significant component of the difference results from Ferrarese
& Merritt's extrapolation of central velocity dispersions to r_e/8 (r_e is the
effective radius) using an empirical formula. Another component may arise from
dispersion-dependent systematic errors in the measurements. A new determination
of the slope using 31 galaxies yields b=4.02 +/- 0.32, a=8.13 +/- 0.06, for
sigma_0=200 km/s. The M-sigma relation has an intrinsic dispersion in log M
that is no larger than 0.3 dex. In an Appendix, we present a simple model for
the velocity-dispersion profile of the Galactic bulge.Comment: 37 pages, 9 figure
LoCuSS: First Results from Strong-lensing Analysis of 20 Massive Galaxy Clusters at z~0.2
We present a statistical analysis of a sample of 20 strong lensing clusters
drawn from the Local Cluster Substructure Survey (LoCuSS), based on high
resolution Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the cluster cores and follow-up
spectroscopic observations using the Keck-I telescope. We use detailed
parameterized models of the mass distribution in the cluster cores, to measure
the total cluster mass and fraction of that mass associated with substructures
within R<250kpc.These measurements are compared with the distribution of
baryons in the cores, as traced by the old stellar populations and the X-ray
emitting intracluster medium. Our main results include: (i) the distribution of
Einstein radii is log-normal, with a peak and 1sigma width of
=1.16+/-0.28; (ii) we detect an X-ray/lensing mass discrepancy of
=1.3 at 3 sigma significance -- clusters with larger substructure
fractions displaying greater mass discrepancies, and thus greater departures
from hydrostatic equilibrium; (iii) cluster substructure fraction is also
correlated with the slope of the gas density profile on small scales, implying
a connection between cluster-cluster mergers and gas cooling. Overall our
results are consistent with the view that cluster-cluster mergers play a
prominent role in shaping the properties of cluster cores, in particular
causing departures from hydrostatic equilibrium, and possibly disturbing cool
cores. Our results do not support recent claims that large Einstein radius
clusters present a challenge to the CDM paradigm.Comment: 28 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS, replaced
with accepted versio
Investigation of the Relationship Between Susceptibility Loci for Hip Osteoarthritis and Dual X-Ray AbsorptiometryâDerived Hip Shape in a Population-Based Cohort of Perimenopausal Women
This publication is the work of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the views of any funders. Supported by the UK Medical Research Council (grant G1001357 for collection of hip shape), and the Wellcome Trust (grants WT092830M for collection of hip shape and WT088806 for genotyping). Core support for the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children is provided by the UK Medical Research Council, the Wellcome Trust (102215/2/13/2), and the University of Bristol. Dr. Baird's work was supported by Arthritis Research UK (grant 20244). Mr. Faber's work was supported by an Elizabeth Blackwell Institute Clinical Research Primer Scheme.Peer reviewedPostprin
Cam morphology but neither acetabular dysplasia nor pincer morphology is associated with osteophytosis throughout the hip: findings from a cross-sectional study in UK Biobank
Objectives: to examine whether acetabular dysplasia (AD), cam and/or pincer morphology are associated with radiographic hip osteoarthritis (rHOA) and hip pain in UK Biobank (UKB) and, if so, what distribution of osteophytes is observed.Design: participants from UKB with a left hip dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan had alpha angle (AA), lateral centre-edge angle (LCEA) and joint space narrowing (JSN) derived automatically. Cam and pincer morphology, and AD were defined using AA and LCEA. Osteophytes were measured manually and rHOA grades were calculated from JSN and osteophyte measures. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between these hip morphologies and rHOA, osteophytes, JSN, and hip pain.Results: 6,807 individuals were selected (mean age: 62.7; 3382/3425 males/females). Cam morphology was more prevalent in males than females (15.4% and 1.8% respectively). In males, cam morphology was associated with rHOA [OR 3.20 (95% CI 2.41â4.25)], JSN [1.53 (1.24â1.88)], and acetabular [1.87 (1.48â2.36)], superior [1.94 (1.45â2.57)] and inferior [4.75 (3.44â6.57)] femoral osteophytes, and hip pain [1.48 (1.05â2.09)]. Broadly similar associations were seen in females, but with weaker statistical evidence. Neither pincer morphology nor AD showed any associations with rHOA or hip pain.Conclusions: cam morphology was predominantly seen in males in whom it was associated with rHOA and hip pain. In males and females, cam morphology was associated with inferior femoral head osteophytes more strongly than those at the superior femoral head and acetabulum. Further studies are justified to characterise the biomechanical disturbances associated with cam morphology, underlying the observed osteophyte distribution
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