Aspectos relevantes para o conhecimento de Cephaleuros sp.: morfologia, fisiologia e ecologia

This review aimed to perform a survey about plant parasitic algae, mainly the genus Cephaleuros sp., focusing on the most relevant aspects: morphology, physiology and ecology. Algae of Trentepohliaceae family has six genus, being Cephaleuros sp. of great importance for being parasites of plants and cause orange or ferruginous leaf spots with felt texture, mainly in the basal part of the plants. The morphological characterization of Cephaleuros sp. is frequently performed for identification, but there is a lack of standardization of characters that need to be measured. There is a difficulty in the cultivation of algae in culture medium due to limited nutrition knowledge and its growth physiology. The asexual reproduction of Trentepohliaceae family organisms is by four-flagelate zoospores produced in sporangia. High temperature and humidity are ideal for breaking the envelope membrane of sporangia and release of zoospores in the environment. The management of this pathogen consists of integrating cultural methods with the use of fungicides.Esta revisão objetivou realizar um levantamento sobre algas parasitas de plantas, principalmente o gênero Cephaleuros sp., enfocando os aspectos mais relevantes: morfologia, fisiologia e ecologia. As algas da família Trentepohliaceae possuem seis gêneros, sendo Cephaleuros de grande importância, por ser parasita de plantas e causar manchas foliares alaranjadas ou ferruginosas com textura de feltro, principalmente na parte basal das plantas. A caracterização morfológica de Cephaleuros sp. é frequentemente realizada para identificação, sendo que existe uma falta de padronização dos caracteres que necessitam ser mensurados. Há dificuldade no cultivo da alga em meio de cultura devido a um conhecimento nutricional limitado e de sua fisiologia de crescimento. A reprodução assexuada de organismos da família Trentepohliaceae é por zoósporos quadriflagelados produzidos em esporângio. Temperatura e umidade elevadas são ideais para o rompimento da membrana envoltória do esporângio e liberação dos zoósporos no ambiente. O manejo deste patógeno consiste na integração de medidas culturais com o uso de fungicidas

Trichoderma harzianum no tratamento de sementes de Cladosporium herbarum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum e no aumento de crescimento do feijoeiro no Brasil

O potencial de uso de Trichoderma para o controle biológico de patógenos em sementes, assim como no controle de doenças do feijoeiro em condições de campo, tem sido constatado. Além de possuir diferentes mecanismos de controle, tais como antibiose, competição e hiperparasitismo, o fungo Trichoderma possui habilidade para colonizar a rizosfera e as radículas das plântulas, podendo também atuar na promoção do crescimento inicial do feijoeiro. Esta revisão tem por finalidade levantar as recentes pesquisas realizadas no Brasil, acerca deste fungo como agente de biocontrole de Cladosporium sp., um importante patógeno de sementes e de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, causador do mofo branco, abordando também seu efeito promotor sobre o crescimento do feijoeiro

OCORRÊNCIA DE Phakopsora euvitis Ono EM VIDEIRA CV. ISABEL EM IPAMERI, GOIÁS

A ferrugem da videira é causada pelo fungo Phakopsora euvitis Ono, o qual possui alta capacidade de disseminação e pode provocar perdas significativas na produtividade se não for identificado e consequentemente manejado da forma adequada. Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar o fungo P. euvitis encontrado em folhas de videira (Vitis labrusca L) cv. ‘Isabel’. Para tanto, lesões de folhas atacadas foram examinadas em estereomicroscópio, para a confecção de lâminas microscópicas semipermanentes. Assim, com o auxílio de uma alça de platina estéril foi coletada uma pequena porção de urediniósporos localizados na face abaxial do limbo foliar. Os urediniósporos apresentaram dimensões de 14,6 - 23,3 x 11,5 - 15,4 µm (18,2 x 14,1 µm), formato ovalado, com a parede celular densa e ornamentada, apresentando coloração amarelada, sésseis com pedúnculos alongados. Estas características, aliadas a sintomatologia, discriminaram o fungo como P. euvitis. Este trabalho relatou a ocorrência de ferrugem da videira cv. ‘Isabel’ em Ipameri, Goiás.

Carcass morphometry of crossbred steers subjected to different nutritional strategies in the growing and finishing phases

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different nutritional strategies in growing and finishing phases on the carcass morphometry of 24 crossbred steers, ½ Holstein/Zebu, slaughtered at 15 months of age and 395.0kg live weight. In the growing phase, animals were maintained grazing on Brachiaria brizantha, receiving two levels of energy supplementation in quantities equivalent to 0.5 or 1.0% live weight. Then, animals were finished in feedlot receiving diets composed of 50 or 80% concentrate. The percentage of primary cuts was not influenced by feed levels in the growing and finish phases. The high supplementation level in the growing phase resulted in a higher (p < 0.05) carcass length (134.48 vs. 131.43 cm). The food levels did not influence the conformation of the carcasses, however the highest level in the growing and finishing phases resulted in a higher (p < 0.05) cushion thickness (23.46 vs 21.26 cm). It was found a significant interaction between feeding levels in the different phases for the leg length and arm perimeter with increase of 14.78 and 4.80%, respectively for animals given high energy levels in both phases. The high feeding level in the growing phase was more attractive owing the positive effects on some important measures of carcass, especially in the length

Physiological and Molecular Characterization of Cephaleuros virescens Occurring in Mango Trees

The objective of this work was to accomplish the isolation, molecular identification and characterizing the physiology of the causal agent of the algal spot in mango trees. For this purpose, the pathogen growth was assessed in different culture media, with subsequent observation and measurements of the filamentous cells. The molecular identification was made using mycelium obtained from leaf lesions and pure algae colonies grown in culture medium. Descriptions based on DNA sequencing indicated that the algae is Cephaleuros virescens. The algae must be isolated primarily in liquid medium for further pricking into agar medium. The highest mycelial growth average in Petri dishes occurred when the algae were grown in Trebouxia and BBM. Trebouxia enabled larger cells in the filamentous cells when compared to other culture media

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P &lt; 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)