Dichlorobis[1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1H-benzimidazole-kappa N-3]cobalt(II)

The title compound, [CoCl2(C11H14N2O)(2)], was synthesized from 1-(2-ethoxyethyl) benzimidazole and cobalt dichloride in ethanol. The Co-II atom is coordinated in a distorted tetrahedral environment by two Cl atoms and two N atoms. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular C-H...Cl and C-H...O interactions

Comparing the effects of dietary selenium and mannan oligosaccharide supplementation on the growth, immune function, and antioxidant enzyme activity in the cultured marron Cherax cainii (Austin, 2002)

This study was conducted to compare the effects of dietary supplementation of selenium (Se, both inorganic and organic) and mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on the growth, immune function, and antioxidant enzyme activities in the haemolymph of the marron Cherax cainii (Austin, 2002); 0.4 mg kg-1 of sodium selenate, 0.2 g kg-1 Sel-Plex®, or 0.4 % Bio-MOS® was added to the basal diet as sources of inorganic selenium (IS), organic selenium (OS), and MOS, respectively. After 90 days, marron fed all 3 supplemented test diets had significantly higher final weight, specific growth rate (SGR), survival, total haemocyte count (THC), percentage of hyaline cells, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities than marron fed without any supplements. The marron fed OS showed significantly higher THC and percentage of hyaline cells than those fed IS and MOS. Marron fed MOS showed the highest final weight, SGR, and percentage of granular cells; however, there was no significant difference in the neutral red time retention between marron fed IS and OS, whereas marron fed OS resulted in the highest GPx activity and total Se levels in the haemolymph but the lowest lipid peroxidase activity; therefore, it is suggested that dietary supplementation with any source of Se and MOS is beneficial to improving growth, survival, and antioxidant activity

Effects of Organic Selenium Supplementation on Growth, Accumulation, Haematology and Histopathology of Juvenile Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) Fed High Soybean Meal Diets

Soybean meal (SBM) has been commonly utilised as a substitute for fishmeal (FM) in the diets of several fish species. However, little is known regarding their effects on trace element availability and thus their importance to fish. The present study employed two feeding trials to evaluate the implications of dietary selenium (Se) on the growth, accumulation, antioxidant, and histopathological responses of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer). In the first trial, each of three basal diets containing 0, 15 and 43 % SBM as replacements for 0, 25 and 75 % of FM protein on an isoproteic and isocalorific basis were either supplemented or not supplemented with 2 mg kg-1 organic Se (OS). In the second trial, the potential effect of OS supplementation in a high SBMdiet was investigated in a feeding trial with five experimental diets: 75 % SBM protein as replacement of FM was supplemented with 2, 3, 4, 5 or 7 mg OS kg-1. Growth was independently influenced by the SBM level and the OS supplementation level but not by their interaction. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, haematocrit, Se accumulation and muscle tissue integrity were significantly enhanced in fish fed on OS-supplemented diets. Furthermore, when high SBM was included in diets, elevated Se tended to lower the barramundi’s performance. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation of OS at 2–3 g kg-1 diet is necessary when high plant protein ingredients are incorporated in the diet, in order to maintain better growth and to afford protection against oxidative stress

Growth, enzymatic glutathione peroxidase activity and biochemical status of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fed dietary fermented soybean meal and organic selenium

Solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) was fermented using baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisae at 30 °C for 5 days. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing 75% SBM protein, either fermented or non-fermented (SBMand FSBM), and supplemented or not with organic Se (OS) (SBMOS and FSBMOS), were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) (initial weight of 5 g) for 75 days. A fishmeal (FM)-based diet formulated for juvenile barramundi was used as a reference diet. The growth of fish was significantly affected by either the interaction of SBM type or by the OS level. In fish fed diets supplemented with OS (SBMOS and FSBMOS), final weight (FW), specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain (WG) were higher in fish fed the fermented SBM(FSBMOS) than in those fed the non-fermented SBM(SBMOS). The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of protein was higher in the fish fed the fermented SBM, either supplemented or unsupplemented with OS. However, there were no significant differences in the ADC of dry matter (DM) and lipids among the tested diets and in comparison to the reference diet. The haematocrit and leucocrit of fish fed the FSBMOS diet were lower than those of fish fed the FM diet. Furthermore, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was significantly influenced by OS supplementation in the experimental diets; GPx activity was greater in the fish fed diets supplemented with OS. Creatinine kinase (CK) of all groups of fish was higher than the CK of those fed the reference diet. These results suggest that with a proper nutritional level, OS supplementation may act as an important factor in enzymatic GPx activity and in the haematology and blood biochemistry status of juvenile barramundi fed fermented SBM-based diets, encouraging improvement of the overall growth performance