Transitions of learner strategy use : how do learners use different learner strategies at various times of learning

This study was prompted by a question about how learners learn differently in various periods of learning: at the beginning of, in the middle of, or nearly at the end of their learning. In this sense, learner strategies and motivations are supposed to be appropriate learners\u27 factors to get insight into the process of English learning. For that purpose, we investigated the characteristics of three kinds of Japanese learners of English as our research participants: junior high school, high school, and university students. The newly designed strategy and motivation questionnaires were employed as instruments, which were revised several times through discussion of researchers and the pilot study. Results indicated that different strategies were used by the three kinds of learners, which are assumed to have close relationship with the goals of their learning. At the same time, common strategies were consistently used among those learners. This study shows that as English learning goes on, learners select the most effective strategies to achieve their goals. An implication of this study is that teachers should be also aware of learners\u27 strategy use for effective language teaching.論

Small classes vs. large classes : the influence of class size on learner strategy use in an EFL context

This study explored how small English classes facilitate foreign language learning, especially speaking skills. It is generally believed that smaller classes are more appropriate for teaching/learning speaking skills. This study investigated the effects of class size using a questionnaire with 76 college students majoring in English in Japan and classroom observation. The participants were divided into two groups: those who were learning English in small classes (about 10 students per class) and a large class (about 20 students per class). The questionnaire was developed for this study based on the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (henceforth, SILL: Oxford, 1990). As a result of this study, significant differences were found between the two types of classes in cognitive strategy use. However, use of metacognitive strategies was low in both groups. The results suggested that small classes are not a panacea for teaching/learning speaking skills, but the judicious use of teaching/learner strategies in both settings is important

Cross-correlation between Longitudinal and Lateral Components of Strong Winds : Analysis of Strong Wind Records up to Height of 200m at Some Place of Island

We report on the structure of atmospheric turbulence especially focusing on the spatial correlations of three fluctuating components of wind speed using our records measured at a transmission tower located at the tip of a cape. According to our results, the profiles of the longitudinal and lateral wind speeds due to typhoons were different from those due to non typhoons. And we showed that cross-correlations between the longitudinal and vertical lateral components of the fluctuating wind speeds were explained by the theoretical expressions in the isotropic turbulence theory, using the correlation coefficients of the longitudinal and vertical lateral components normalized by the longitudinal scale of turbulence of the longitudinal wind speed

Supplementation for diarrhea control in hospitalized geriatric patients on enteral nutrition

OBJECTIVE: To compare results of prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic supplementation for the control of diarrhea in older patients receiving enteral nutritional therapy during hospitalization at a school hospital in Curitiba, state of Paraná. METHODS: The study was retrospective, by analysis of medical records corresponding to the visits performed between 2014 and 2018. RESULTS: A total of 75 patients were analyzed. The time of occurrence of diarrhea ranged from 1 to 16 days, with a mean of 2.69 days after the onset of therapy for reestablishment of the intestinal microbiota. As for the therapies introduced, 8 possible prescriptions of isolated and / or combined supplements were found as the first choice. Of the patients analyzed, 52% switched from supplementation during the occurrence of diarrhea; some using up to 5 different products. Of the 48% of patients who used a single product / combination from the beginning to the end of diarrhea, they generally started with a higher dose and decreased over time, with those starting at a lower dose having to increase it to stop diarrhea. In addition, there was statistical significance when comparing the time of diarrhea between patients who received a single product / combination and those who did supplemental exchanges throughout the treatment. CONCLUSION: Establishing a single prescription, whether of isolated or combined products and sticking to it, besides starting with a higher dose, seems more effective in controlling diarrhea in hospitalized geriatric patients, reinforcing the importance of establishing a protocol for prescription.</p

Some Effects of Stack Shell Configuration on Wind Response Properties of Tower-Supported Steel Stacks

Ultra-high steel stacks are heavily impacted by strong winds because their natural frequency and damping ratio is small. Especially, it is well known that cylinder steel stacks require caution against vortex-induced vibration. However, the wind-induced vibration behaviors of tower-supported steel stacks are not clarified due to a lack of full scale observation. We conducted wind response observations of three 200m-high tower-supported steel stacks with different stack shell configurations. This paper presents some effects of the stack shell configurations on the structural properties and the wind response properties of the tower-supported steel stacks

Aerodynamic Damping Properties of Transmission Tower Estimated by Combining Several Identification Methods

Based on full-scale measurement data, we report on several aerodynamic damping properties of two transmission towers under strong winds. The component of every vibration mode of the tower was extracted from a measured time history, and the wind-speed dependency of the aerodynamic damping of every mode of the tower was clarified. Moreover, using 3-dimensional nonlinear analysis, we discuss in detail the effects of the changing deformation shape of a transmission conductor resulting from an increase in wind speed on the development of the aerodynamic damping of a coupled tower-and-conductors system