Microleakage study of three adhesive systems

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of three hydrophilic dentin adhesive systems to reduce class II restoration microleakage. A total of 60 human molar teeth were used in which two box cavities were made on the distal and mesial surfaces, with a cervical margin in dentin. These cavities were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 40 each), according to adhesive system tested: G1: OptiBond SOLO®; G2: Amalgambond Plus®; G3: Etch & Prime 3.0®. The cavities were restored with the composite resin Z-100®. The groups were thermocycled 2000 times (5 ± 1ºC and 55 ± 1ºC) with a dwell time of 1 min. The teeth were then immersed in 2% methylene blue, pH 7.0, for 4 h, sectioned and observed with a stereomicroscope MEIJI 2000 (35X). The evaluation was made using scores (0-4) and the results were expressed through the sum of the ranks. G1 = 1994.00; G2 = 2294.00; G3 = 2972.00. The three groups were significantly different. The self-etching adhesive system Etch & Prime 3.0 was less effective in preventing microleakage. The OptiBond SOLO adhesive was the most effective in reducing microleakage in dentin margins when compared with Amalgambond Plus and Etch & Prime 3.0.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de 3 sistemas adesivos hidrófilos na redução da microinfiltração de restaurações classe II. Foram selecionados 60 dentes molares humanos. Foi realizado em cada dente dois preparos classe II do tipo slot vertical nas superfícies mesial e distal, com margem cervical em dentina. As 120 cavidades foram sorteadas aleatoriamente em 3 grupos (n = 40), de acordo com o sistema adesivo testado G1: OptiBondo SOLO® (Kerr); G2: Amalgambond Plus® (Parkell); G3: Etch & Prime 3.0® (Degussa). As cavidades foram restauradas com resina composta Z 100 (3M/ESPE). As amostras foram termocicladas 2000 vezes (5 ± 1ºC e 55 ± 1ºC), durante 1 min em cada banho. Após a termociclagem, os dentes foram imersos em uma solução de azul de metileno a 2%, pH 7,0, durante 4 h, seccionados e observados em microscópio ótico MEIJI 2000 (35X). A avaliação foi realizada utilizando-se escores (0-4) e os resultados expressos através da soma das ordens. G1: 1994.00; G2: 2294.00; G3: 2972.00. Os 3 grupos foram significativamente diferentes. Os resultados indicaram que o sistema adesivo auto-condiconante Etch & Prime 3.0 foi menos efetivo no controle da microinfiltração marginal. Já o sistema adesivo OptiBond SOLO foi o mais efetivo no controle da microinfiltração quando comparado com o Amalgambond Plus e o Etch & Prime 3.0.194198Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Accessibility of Brazilian state government websites: a quantitative analysis between 1996 and 2007

A utilização da web para a disponibilização de informações e serviços de órgãos governamentais para os cidadãos tem se tornado cada vez mais expressiva. Assim, a garantia de que esses conteúdos e serviços possam ser acessíveis a qualquer cidadão é imprescindível, independentemente de necessidades especiais ou de quaisquer outras barreiras. No Brasil, o Decreto-Lei nº5.296/2004 determinou que todos os órgãos governamentais deveriam adaptar seus sítios na web de acordo com critérios de acessibilidade até dezembro de 2005. Com o objetivo de verificar a evolução da acessibilidade ao longo dos anos e como foi o impacto dessa legislação, este artigo analisa a acessibilidade dos sítios dos governos estaduais brasileiros por meio de amostras coletadas entre 1996 e 2007. Foram efetuadas análises por meio de métricas, obtidas por avaliações com ferramentas automáticas. Os resultados indicam que a legislação teve pouco impacto para a melhoria real da acessibilidade dos sítios no período indicado, com uma melhora somente em 2007. Verifica-se que se faz necessário adotar políticas públicas mais efetivas para que as pessoas com necessidades especiais tenham os seus direitos para acesso a informações e aos serviços públicos na web assegurados mais amplamente.The use of the web to provide government information and services to citizens has become more and more significant. Ensuring that any citizen can access these contents and services is essential, regardless of disabilities or other barriers they may have. In Brazil, Executive Act no. 5.296/2004 ruled that all government agencies should adapt their websites according to accessibility guidelines until December 2005. In order to check the trend of accessibility over the years and the impact of such legislation, this article analyzes the accessibility of the Brazilian state government websites from 1996 to 2007. Analyses were carried out by means of metrics, obtained by evaluations with automatic tools. The results indicate that the legislation has had little impact on the accessibility of the sites, with an improvement in 2007. Thus, it indicates that it is necessary to adopt more effective public policies to guarantee that people with disabilities have insured their rights to access information and public services on the web.CNP

Accessibility Evaluation of E-Government Mobile Applications in Brazil

AbstractThe provision of e-government services using mobile applications (known as m-government) has had a significant growth in recent years. However, it is very important that such applications be accessible to people with disabilities in order to ensure inclusive access. Using appropriate accessibility auditing methods is very important to help identify accessibility problems in interactive systems during their development. However, there has been little support in terms of formal standard accessibility guidelines to help develop and evaluate mobile applications. In this paper, we present a case study with the evaluation of four e-government mobile applications in Brazil using the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0. The paper discusses the methodological adaptations of WCAG 2.0 for the context of mobile applications and its current limitations. The results of the evaluations performed in the four applications in the case study showed that many elementary accessibility problems widely known by HCI researchers were encountered extensively in the applications evaluated. This highlights the importance of furthering research in accessibility design and evaluation of mobile applications, in order to provide more inclusive access to essential applications used by all citizens, such as e-government services

Micromorphologic aspects of the adhesive interface in function of variation in the specimen manufacturing

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the different micromorphologic aspects of the adhesive interface, which can be observed in fragments of the same specimen in function of variations during the processing for scanning electron microscopy. Resin blocks were cemented on the dentin of the occlusal surfaces of recently extracted third molars and were longitudinally sectioned for observation through SEM. The results showed wide variation in the direction and length of tags. There is need for standardization of the angulation with which the specimens are cut, so as to avoid mistakes in the analysis of the penetration efficacy of adhesive systems.O objetivo deste trabalho foi mostrar os diferentes padrões micromorfológicos da interface adesiva que podem ser encontrados em fragmentos de um mesmo espécime em função da variação de fatores durante o processamento dos mesmos para análise em MEV. Para isso, cilindros de resina foram cimentados na dentina da superfície oclusal de terceiros molares inclusos recém-extraídos e posteriormente seccionados longitudinalmente para observação no MEV. Os resultados obtidos indicaram uma grande variação no direcionamento e comprimento dos tags. Isso indica a necessidade de uma padronização dos sítios de dentina, angulação de seccionamento dos espécimes e escolha de fragmentos a serem visualizados, a fim de evitar possíveis erros de interpretação ao se analisar a eficiência da penetração dos sistemas adesivos.34034

Aspectos micromorfológicos da interface adesiva em função da variação no preparo do espécime

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the different micromorphologic aspects of the adhesive interface, which can be observed in fragments of the same specimen in function of variations during the processing for scanning electron microscopy. Resin blocks were cemented on the dentin of the occlusal surfaces of recently extracted third molars and were longitudinally sectioned for observation through SEM. The results showed wide variation in the direction and length of tags. There is need for standardization of the angulation with which the specimens are cut, so as to avoid mistakes in the analysis of the penetration efficacy of adhesive systems.O objetivo deste trabalho foi mostrar os diferentes padrões micromorfológicos da interface adesiva que podem ser encontrados em fragmentos de um mesmo espécime em função da variação de fatores durante o processamento dos mesmos para análise em MEV. Para isso, cilindros de resina foram cimentados na dentina da superfície oclusal de terceiros molares inclusos recém-extraídos e posteriormente seccionados longitudinalmente para observação no MEV. Os resultados obtidos indicaram uma grande variação no direcionamento e comprimento dos "tags". Isso indica a necessidade de uma padronização dos sítios de dentina, angulação de seccionamento dos espécimes e escolha de fragmentos a serem visualizados, a fim de evitar possíveis erros de interpretação ao se analisar a eficiência da penetração dos sistemas adesivos

La diabetes mellitus, el abuso de drogas durante el embarazo y el riesgo de malformaciones craneofaciales y anomalías relacionadas

Objetivos: esta investigación estableció la prevalencia de diabetes mellitus (DM) y el abuso de drogas en madres de niños con malformaciones creaneofaciales (MCF). Métodos: 325 mujeres que tuvieron hijos (0-3 años) con malformaciones fueron entrevistadas. Se obtuvieron datos referentes a: tipo de diabetes; uso de drogas lícitas o ilícitas durante el embarazo; circunferencia de la cintura; y, glucemia en ayunas en la primera consulta prenatal. Resultados: el veintisiete por ciento de las mujeres tenían DM. Entre estas, el 89% tuvieron DM gestacional, el 5,5% DM tipo 1 y el 5,5% DM tipo 2. La prevalencia de DM en madres de hijos con MCF fue de 27%. Esto es significativamente más alto que el promedio de la población brasileña afectada por esa enfermedad, que es de 7,6% (pObjective: to assessed the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and drug abuse in mothers of children with orofacial clefts (OFC). Methods: 325 women who had children (0-3y) with clefts were interviewed. Data regarding type of diabetes, use of legal/illegal drugs during pregnancy, waist girth and fasting blood sugar at the first prenatal consult were collected. Results: twenty seven percent of the women had DM, out of these, 89% had gestational DM, 5,5% type 1 DM and 5,5% type 2 DM. The prevalence of DM in mothers of children with OFC was 27%, it is significantly higher than the average Brazilian population which is 7.6% (pObjetivos: avaliar a prevalência de diabetes mellitus (DM) e o uso de drogas em mães de crianças com fissuras orofaciais (FOF). Método: 325 mulheres que tiveram filhos (0-3 anos) com fissuras foram entrevistadas. Os dados referentes tipo de diabetes, uso de drogas lícitas / ilícitas durante a gravidez, circunferência abdominal e glicemia em jejum na primeira consulta pré-natal foram coletados. Resultados: vinte e sete por cento das mulheres tinham DM. Destes, 89% tinham DM gestacional, 5,5% DM tipo 1 e 5,5% DM tipo 2. A prevalência de DM em mães de crianças com FOF foi de 27%, significativamente mais elevado que a média da população brasileira que é de 7,6% (

Diabetes mellitus and drug abuse during pregnancy and the risk for orofacial clefts and related abnormalities

Abstract Objective: to assessed the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and drug abuse in mothers of children with orofacial clefts (OFC). Methods: 325 women who had children (0-3y) with clefts were interviewed. Data regarding type of diabetes, use of legal/illegal drugs during pregnancy, waist girth and fasting blood sugar at the first prenatal consult were collected. Results: twenty seven percent of the women had DM, out of these, 89% had gestational DM, 5,5% type 1 DM and 5,5% type 2 DM. The prevalence of DM in mothers of children with OFC was 27%, it is significantly higher than the average Brazilian population which is 7.6% (p<0.01) (OR=4.5, 95%CI=3.5-5.8). Regarding drug abuse during pregnancy, 32% of the mothers used drugs and a significant positive correlation was observed between drug abuse and the occurrence of clefts and other craniofacial anomalies (p=0.028) (OR=2.87; 95%CI=1.1-7.4). Conclusions: DM and drug abuse during pregnancy increases the risk for OFC and related anomalies and early diagnosis of DM and prevention of drug abuse, especially in pregnant women, should be emphasized

The effect of light-curing source and mode on microtensile bond strength to bovine dentin

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different light-curing techniques on the microtensile bond strength of hybrid and packable resin composite to dentin. The null hypotheses were that different light-curing techniques do not affect the adhesion of resin composites to tooth structure and that different resin composites do not have a similar bond to dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred four box-shaped buccal preparations were made and dentin/enamel adhesive was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions (Single Bond 3M ESPE). A hybrid resin composite (Filtek Z250, A2, 3M ESPE) or a packable resin composite (Solitaire 2, A2, Heraeus Kulzer) were inserted in bulk and polymerized using one of these techniques (n = 13): (a) Soft-start (SS) using a halogen lamp (QTH); (b) LED low intensity; (c) Plasma arc (PAC) curing for 6 s for packable resin composite and 3 s for the hybrid resin composite; (d) Conventional (C) QTH curing for 40 s. Afterwards, specimens were thermocycled 1,000 times between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C in tap water, and were sectioned into beams with a rectangular cross-sectional area of approximately 1 mm2. Microtensile bond strength testing was performed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. RESULTS: Bond strength means +/- (SD) in MPa were: Filtek Z250: SSQTH = 17.9 (5.4); LED = 17.9 (6.4); PAC = 16.8 (6.8); CQTH = 16.1 (4.6). Solitaire 2: SSQTH = 12.4 (6.4); LED = 15.5 (4.3); PAC = 16.2 (4.4); CQTH = 13.8 (5.7). The data were structured in a split-plot design and analyzed by a two-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (alpha = 0.05). CONCLUSION: The light-curing method did not significantly affect bond strengths. However, the bond strengths of the packable resin composite were significantly lower than those of the hybrid resin composite for all polymerization techniques, suggesting that the restorative material itself might be a more critical factor in adhesion than the curing method

Influence of load cycling on marginal microleakage with two self-etching and two one-bottle dentin adhesive systems in dentin

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of occlusal load cycling on cervical microleakage of proximal slot restorations located in dentin, using two self-etching and two one-bottle dentin adhesive systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 240 proximal slot cavities were prepared in 120 bovine teeth and divided into two groups, one with load cycling and one without. The groups were then subdivided into four subgroups according to the adhesive system used (Experimental EXL 547 Self-etching 3M, Clearfil SE Bond, Single Bond, and Optibond Solo Plus) and restored following the manufacturers' instructions. The teeth were then submitted to mechanical load cycling with a force of 80 N and a frequency of 5 Hz, simultaneously over both restorations of each tooth, for a total of 50,000 cycles per specimen. All specimens were subsequently immersed in a 2% methylene blue solution (pH 7.0), and sectioned to examine the extent of dye penetration under a stereomicroscope (40X). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.00002) between the loaded and unloaded teeth. However, a statistically significant difference was observed between the adhesive systems used. The experimental self-etching EXL 547 presented the lowest mean microleakage, but was only statistically significantly different from the Single Bond loaded and unloaded groups and the Clearfil SE Bond unloaded group. CONCLUSION: The application of 50,000 loading cycles did not affect the microleakage of the two self-etching and the two one-bottle adhesive systems evaluated. In vitro mechanical load cycling is an important factor to consider when evaluating the performance of adhesive systems under simulated masticatory conditions