Color Transparency Effects in Electron Deuteron Interactions at Intermediate Q^2

High momentum transfer electrodisintegration of polarized and unpolarized deuterium targets, $d(e,e'p)n$ is studied. We show that the importance of final state interactions-FSI, occuring when a knocked out nucleon interacts with the other nucleon, depends strongly on the momentum of the spectator nucleon. In particular, these FSI occur when the essential contributions to the scattering amplitude arise from internucleon distances $\sim 1.5~fm$. But the absorption of the high momentum $\gamma^*$ may produce a point like configuration, which evolves with time. In this case, the final state interactions probe the point like configuration at the early stage of its evolution. The result is that significant color transparency effects, which can either enhance or suppress computed cross sections, are predicted to occur for $\sim 4 GeV^2 \ge Q^2\leq~10~(GeV/c)^2$.Comment: 37 pages LaTex, 12 uuencoded PostScript Figures as separate file, to be published in Z.Phys.

Spin-orbit final state interaction in the framework of Glauber theory for (e,e'p) reactions

We investigate the reactions D(e,e'p)n and D(\vec e,e'p)n at GeV energies and discuss the opportunities to distinguish between different models for the nuclear ground state by measuring the response functions. In calculating the final-state interaction (FSI) we employ Glauber theory, and we also include relativistic effects in the electromagnetic current. We include not only the central FSI, but also the spin-orbit FSI which is usually neglected in (e,e'p) calculations within the Glauber framework and we show that this contribution plays a crucial role for the fifth response function. All of the methods developed here can be applied to any target nucleus.Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures, minor change in figures 3 and 4 (changed beam energy), correction of error in figure 4 in the previous replacemen

Efectos del proceso de secado sobre la composición en ácidos grasos, perfil fenólico, tocoferoles y actividad antioxidante de almendras barú (Dipteryx alata Vog.)

This study carried out a chromatographic and spectrophotometric characterization of the bioactive compounds, antioxidants, phenolics, tocopherols, sterols and fatty acids of baru almonds “in natura” and submitted to drying processes. It was determined that baru “in natura” almonds presented high levels of phenolic compounds, vitamin C, antioxidants, phenolics, sterols, total monounsaturated fatty acids and low thrombogenic, and atherogenic indexes. During the process of drying it at 65 °C for 30 minutes, a decrease was noted in the levels of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, anthocyanins, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid, quercetin, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The same condition resulted in an increase in the levels of gallic acid, rutin, catechin, trans-cinnamic acid, vanillin, m-coumaric acid, tocopherols, monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidant activity (ORAC and DPPH). When submitted to a temperature of 105 ºC for 30 minutes the same behavior was seen with a reduction in the vitamin C and ORAC contents and increased presence of flavonoids.Este estudio realizó una caracterización cromatográfica y espectrofotométrica de la presencia de compuestos bioactivos, antioxidantes, fenólicos, tocoferoles, esteroles y ácidos grasos en almendras del tipo baru “in natura” y sometidos a procesos de secado. Se detectó, en la almendra de baru “in natura”, altos contenidos de compuestos fenólicos, vitamina C, antioxidantes fenólicos, esteroles, ácidos grasos monoinsaturados totales y bajos índices de trombogénicos y aterogénicos. Durante el proceso de secado a 65 °C durante 30 minutos, se observó una disminución en los niveles de ácido cafeíco, ácido clorogénico, antocianinas, ácido p-cumárico, ácido ferúlico, ácido o-cumárico, quercetina y ácidos grasos poliinsaturados. De la misma manera se observó un aumento en los niveles de ácido gálico, rutina, catequina, ácido trans-cinámico, vanilina, ácido m-cumárico, tocoferoles, ácidos grasos monoinsaturados y actividad antioxidante (ORAC y DPPH). Cuando se sometió a una temperatura de 105 °C durante 30 minutos, presentó el mismo comportamiento, sin embargo, influyó en la reducción del contenido de vitamina C y ORAC y aumentó la presencia de flavonoides

Systemic Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccination in Cattle Promotes Specific Antibody-Secreting Cells at the Respiratory Tract and Triggers Local Anamnestic Responses upon Aerosol Infection

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting biungulate species. Commercial vaccines, formulated with inactivated FMD virus (FMDV), are regularly used worldwide to control the disease. Here, we studied the generation of antibody responses in local lymphoid tissues along the respiratory system in vaccinated and further aerosol-infected cattle. Animals immunized with a high-payload monovalent FMD vaccine developed high titers of neutralizing antibodies at 7 days postvaccination (dpv), reaching a plateau at 29 dpv. FMDV-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC), predominantly IgM, were evident at 7 dpv in the prescapular lymph node (LN) draining the vaccination site and in distal LN draining the respiratory mucosa, although in lower numbers. At 29 dpv, a significant switch to IgG1 was clear in prescapular LN, while FMDV-specific ASC were detected in all lymphoid tissues draining the respiratory tract, mostly as IgM-secreting cells. None of the animals (n = 10) exhibited FMD symptoms after oronasal challenge at 30 dpv. Three days postinfection, a large increase in ASC numbers and rapid isotype switches to IgG1 were observed, particularly in LN-draining virus replication sites already described. These results indicate for the first time that systemic FMD vaccination in cattle effectively promotes the presence of anti-FMDV ASC in lymphoid tissues associated with the respiratory system. Oronasal infection triggered an immune reaction compatible with a local anamnestic response upon contact with the replicating FMDV, suggesting that FMD vaccination induces the circulation of virus-specific B lymphocytes, including memory B cells that differentiate into ASC soon after contact with the infectiveInstituto de VirologíaFil: Pega, Juan Franco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Di Giacomo, Sebastián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Bucafusco, Danilo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Schammas, Juan Manuel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Malacari, Darío Amilcar. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Barrionuevo, Florencia Mariel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Capozzo, Alejandra Victoria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, L.L. USDA. Agricultural Research Service. Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Estados UnidosFil: Borca, Manuel Victor. USDA. Agricultural Research Service. Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Estados UnidosFil: Perez Filgueira, Daniel Mariano. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Early Adaptive Immune Responses in the Respiratory Tract of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-Infected Cattle

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease which affects both domestic and wild biungulate species. This acute disease, caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), usually includes an active replication phase in the respiratory tract for up to 72 h postinfection, followed by hematogenous dissemination and vesicular lesions at oral and foot epithelia. The role of the early local adaptive immunity of the host in the outcome of the infection is not well understood. Here we report the kinetics of appearance of FMDV-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in lymphoid organs along the respiratory tract and the spleen in cattle infected by aerosol exposure. While no responses were observed for up to 3 days postinfection (dpi), all animals developed FMDV-ASC in all the lymphoid organs studied at 4 dpi. Tracheobronchial lymph nodes were the most reactive organs at this time, and IgM was the predominant isotype, followed by IgG1. Numbers of FMDV-ASC were further augmented at 5 and 6 dpi, with an increasing prevalence in upper respiratory organs. Systemic antibody responses were slightly delayed compared with the local reaction. Also, IgM was the dominant isotype in serum at 5 dpi, coinciding with a sharp decrease of viral RNA detection in peripheral blood. These results indicate that following aerogenous administration, cattle develop a rapid and vigorous genuine local antibody response throughout the respiratory tract. Time course and isotype profiles indicate the presence of an efficient T cell-independent antibody response which drives the IgM-mediated virus clearance in cattle infected by FMDV aerosol exposure.Instituto de VirologíaFil: Pega, Juan Franco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bucafusco, Danilo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Di Giacomo, Sebastián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Schammas, Juan Manuel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Malacari, Darío Amilcar. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Capozzo, Alejandra Victoria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Arzt, J. USDA. Agricultural Research Service. Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Estados UnidosFil: Pérez Beascoeachea, C. Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria. Dirección de Laboratorios; ArgentinaFil: Maradei, E. Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria. Dirección de Laboratorios; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, L. USDA. Agricultural Research Service. Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Estados UnidosFil: Borca, Manuel Victor. USDA. Agricultural Research Service. Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Estados UnidosFil: Perez Filgueira, Daniel Mariano. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Hadronic properties of the S_{11}(1535) studied by electroproduction off the deuteron

Properties of excited baryonic states are investigated in the context of electroproduction of baryon resonances off the deuteron. In particular, the hadronic radii and the compositeness of baryon resonances are studied for kinematic situations in which their hadronic reinteraction is the dominant contribution. Specifically, we study the reaction $d(e,e'S_{11})N$ at $Q^2\ge 1 GeV^2$ for kinematics in which the produced hadronic state reinteracts predominantly with the spectator nucleon. A comparison of constituent quark model and effective chiral Lagrangian calculations of the $S_{11}$ shows substantial sensitivity to the structure of the produced resonance.Comment: 24 pages, 5 figure

Produção orgânica de calêndula: um estudo de caso.

Apresenta-se caracterização do processo de produção agrícola orgânica de Calendula officinalis L. no Estado de Santa Catarina, evidenciando particularidades e discrepâncias frente aos modelos já descritos na literatura especializada, a partir de visitas a campo, observação participante e entrevistas com um produtor de plantas medicinais. Identificaram-se como principais particularidades a saúde na agricultura familiar, demonstrada pela prática da cultura orgânica, além do controle de pragas e manuseio da produção. Os principais problemas ou divergências evidenciados foram: características do solo; época de plantio da calêndula e suas etapas posteriores, como transplante e floração. Aspectos da colheita foram discrepantes quanto ao período do dia indicado para o procedimento, bem como a ausência de informações do produtor quanto à existência de outros incentivos governamentais ao setor agrícola. Recomenda-se aos extensionistas rurais e/ou instituições competentes que busquem orientar os produtores orgânicos de calêndula para promover a adequação das práticas de cultivo dessa espécie medicinal

Bs-Bs.bar Mixing, CP Violation and Extraction of CKM Phases from Untagged Bs Data Samples

A width difference of the order of 20\% has previously been predicted for the two mass eigenstates of the $B_s$ meson. The dominant contributor to the width difference is the $b\rightarrow c\bar c s$ transition, with final states common to both $B_s$ and $\overline{B}_s$. All current experimental analyses fit the time-dependences of flavor-specific $B_s$-modes to a single exponential, which essentially determines the average $B_s$ lifetime. We stress that the same data sample allows even the measurement of the width difference. To see that, this note reviews the time-dependent formulae for tagged $B_s$ decays, which involve rapid oscillatory terms depending on $\Delta mt$. In untagged data samples the rapid oscillatory terms cancel. Their time-evolutions depend only on the much more slowly varying exponential falloffs. We discuss in detail the extraction of the two widths, and identify the large (small) CP-even (-odd) rate with that of the light (heavy) $B_s$ mass eigenstate. It is demonstrated that decay length distributions of some \underline{untagged} $B_s$ modes, such as $\rho^0 K_S, \; D_s^{(*)\pm}K^{(*)\mp}$, can be used to extract the notoriously difficult CKM unitarity triangle angle $\gamma$. Sizable CP violating effects may be seen with such untagged $B_s$ data samples. Listing $\Delta\Gamma$ as an observable allows for additional important standard model constraints. Within the CKM model, the ratio $\Delta\Gamma/ \Delta m$ involves no CKM parameters, only a QCD uncertainty. Thus a measurement of $\Delta\Gamma \;(\Delta m)$ would predict $\Delta m \;(\Delta\Gamma )$, up to the QCD uncertainty. A large width difference would automatically solve the puzzle of the number of charmed hadrons per $B$ decay in favor of theory. We also derive an upper limit of $(| \Delta\Gamma | / \Gamma)_{B_s} <~ 0.3$. Further, we must abandon the notion of branching fractions of $B_s\rightarrow f$, and instead consider $B(B^0_{L(H)}\rightarrow f)$, in analogy to the neutral kaons.Comment: 46 pages, revte