A ideia de folk e as musicologias

Resumo: Esse artigo pretende debater as circunstâncias histórico-sociais que conduziram à formulação do conceito de “folclore” e os usos que dele têm sido feitos pelos campos disciplinares dedicados aos estudos sobre música e cultura, enfocando especificamente sua relação com as transformações vividas pelas sociedades ocidentais na chamada modernidade, a partir de alguns das ideias de Pierre Bourdieu. Historicamente situado num momento de transição entre valores iluministas e românticos, além de crescente autonomização da obra de arte como sujeito estético, o nascimento da ideia de folclore parece revelar o lugar que passarão a ocupar as práticas musicais das camadas subalternas num cenário de constituição dos estados nacionais e aumento do distanciamento cultural entre grupos sociais letrados e iletrados. Pretende-se discutir ainda como o advento dos processos fonográficos de gravação sonora reposicionou o conceito frente aos campos disciplinares acadêmicos constituídos em torno do estudo da música. Finalmente, são abordadas questões sobre algumas formulações teóricas que sustentam o debate musicológico ainda hoje e definem termos utilizados nos estudos sobre a relação entre música e cultura nas sociedades contemporâneas. Palavras-chave: Folclore. Cultura. Musicologia. Etnomusicologia   The idea of folk and the musicologies Abstract: This article aims to discuss the historical and social circumstances that led to the formulation of the concept of "folklore" and the uses that have been made by those dedicated to studies music and culture, focusing specifically its relationship with the transformations experienced by western societies with the advent of so called modernity, from some of the ideas of Pierre Bourdieu. Historically situated in a moment of transition between Enlightenment and Romantic values, and growing autonomy of the artwork as an aesthetic subject, the birth of the idea of folklore seems to show the place that will occupy the musical practices of subaltern classes in a scenario of formation of national states and increase of cultural gap between literate and illiterate social groups. It also aims to discuss how the advent of phonographic sound recording processes repositioned the concept against academic disciplines constituted around the study of music. Finally, questions are raised about some theoretical formulations that still sustain the musicological debate and define the terms used in the studies of the relationship between music and culture in contemporary societies.  Keywords: Folklore. Culture. Musicology. Ethnomusicolog

REIS DOS CACETES: UMA ETNOGRAFIA DA PERFORMANCE MUSICAL DO TERNO DOS TEMEROSOS DE JANUÁRIA/MG

Os primeiros registros fonográficos com o Terno de Reis dos Temerosos foram feitos pelo folclorista Joaquim Ribeiro em 1960, para a Campanha de Defesa do Folclore Brasileiro. Hoje novos registros têm sido feitos como parte de políticas públicas de promoção cultural. Abordados a partir dos chamados estudos de performance, ritual religioso e realização poética-musical-coreográfica são analisados segundo o que o antropólogo Milton Singer chamou de performance cultural. Nesse sentido, adotando ferramentas metodológicas interdisciplinares, pretendo apresentar as principais características referenciais da performance do grupo, observando aspectos do repertório musical e das mudanças que nele se verificam hoje, a partir de dados colhidos no trabalho etnográfico de campo e também na coleta documental de registros históricos

Fortalecimiento y desarrollo de competencias

Curso de Especial InterésEl objetivo del presenten trabajo fue desarrollar un servicio de capacitaciones (Castellum de Vie) para el fortalecimiento y desarrollo de las competencias liderazgo, manejo de grupo e influencia en entidades prestadoras de salud. El servicio se realizó a partir de una búsqueda teórica y empírica de las competencias objetivo y desde un análisis de mercado y costos.RESUMEN 1. JUSTIFICACIÓN 2. MARCO TEÓRICO EMPÍRICO 3. OBJETIVOS 4. MÉTODO ESTUDIO DE MERCADO 5. ANÁLISIS COSTOS Y GASTOS 6. RESULTADOS DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES REFERENCIASPregradoPsicólog

A Vaccine Encoding Conserved Promiscuous HIV CD4 Epitopes Induces Broad T Cell Responses in Mice Transgenic to Multiple Common HLA Class II Molecules

Current HIV vaccine approaches are focused on immunogens encoding whole HIV antigenic proteins that mainly elicit cytotoxic CD8+ responses. Mounting evidence points toward a critical role for CD4+ T cells in the control of immunodeficiency virus replication, probably due to cognate help. Vaccine-induced CD4+ T cell responses might, therefore, have a protective effect in HIV replication. In addition, successful vaccines may have to elicit responses to multiple epitopes in a high proportion of vaccinees, to match the highly variable circulating strains of HIV. Using rational vaccine design, we developed a DNA vaccine encoding 18 algorithm-selected conserved, “promiscuous” (multiple HLA-DR-binding) B-subtype HIV CD4 epitopes - previously found to be frequently recognized by HIV-infected patients. We assessed the ability of the vaccine to induce broad T cell responses in the context of multiple HLA class II molecules using different strains of HLA class II- transgenic mice (-DR2, -DR4, -DQ6 and -DQ8). Mice displayed CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses of significant breadth and magnitude, and 16 out of the 18 encoded epitopes were recognized. By virtue of inducing broad responses against conserved CD4+ T cell epitopes that can be recognized in the context of widely diverse, common HLA class II alleles, this vaccine concept may cope both with HIV genetic variability and increased population coverage. The vaccine may thus be a source of cognate help for HIV-specific CD8+ T cells elicited by conventional immunogens, in a wide proportion of vaccinees

Development of professional skills through education at work in the career of Optometry and Optics

Se realizó un estudio de intervención cuasiexperiemental a estudiantes y tutores de la Filial de Ciencias Médicas Dr. Efraín Benítez Popa durante los cursos escolares 2011 hasta el 2015 en estudiantes del 4to año de la carrera de Optometría y Óptica de la Filial de Ciencias Médicas de Bayamo con el objetivo de aplicar un Manual teórico-práctico donde se precisen las indicaciones fundamentales a tener en cuenta para el desarrollo de las habilidades profesionales mediante la Educación en el Trabajo en la asignatura de Contactología, empleando métodos  teóricos, empíricos y estadísticos. Se aplicaron encuestas a estudiantes y tutores y se pudo determinar que los tutores desconocen sus funciones y los documentos que norman su trabajo. Los estudiantes conocen las habilidades que desarrollan en la Educación en el Trabajo pero desconocen las acciones que se emplean para el cumplimiento de las mismas. Mediante la revisión de los programas de la asignatura y la Educación en el Trabajo, se pudo concluir que existe una inadecuada redacción de las habilidades profesionales con un peso considerable en los aspectos educativos más que a lo instructivo. La implementación del manual teórico-práctico para la asignatura Contactología permitió que todos los estudiantes aprobaran las habilidades profesionales con una calidad de 78,6%.A quasi-experimental intervention study was carried out from 2011 to 2015 that involved fourth-year students of the Optometry and Optics and their tutors at the Medical School of Bayamo with the aim of implementing a theoretical and practical manual stating the main guidelines required for the development of professional skills in Education at Work activities in the subject Contactology, using theoretical, empirical and statistic methods. Surveys applied to students and tutors showed that the tutors are not familiar with their functions and the documents that lead their work. The students know the skills that they develop through Education at Work activities but they ignore the subskills required to achieve them. A thorough review of the subject syllabus and Education at Work guidelines allowed to conclude that the professional skills are not properly stated and more emphasis is laid on educative than on instructive aspects. As a result of the implementation of the theoretical and practical manual for the subject Contactology all, the students acquired their professional skills with a 78, 6% quality

A DNA Vaccine Encoding Multiple HIV CD4 Epitopes Elicits Vigorous Polyfunctional, Long-Lived CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses

T-cell based vaccines against HIV have the goal of limiting both transmission and disease progression by inducing broad and functionally relevant T cell responses. Moreover, polyfunctional and long-lived specific memory T cells have been associated to vaccine-induced protection. CD4+ T cells are important for the generation and maintenance of functional CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. We have recently developed a DNA vaccine encoding 18 conserved multiple HLA-DR-binding HIV-1 CD4 epitopes (HIVBr18), capable of eliciting broad CD4+ T cell responses in multiple HLA class II transgenic mice. Here, we evaluated the breadth and functional profile of HIVBr18-induced immune responses in BALB/c mice. Immunized mice displayed high-magnitude, broad CD4+/CD8+ T cell responses, and 8/18 vaccine-encoded peptides were recognized. In addition, HIVBr18 immunization was able to induce polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that proliferate and produce any two cytokines (IFNγ/TNFα, IFNγ/IL-2 or TNFα/IL-2) simultaneously in response to HIV-1 peptides. For CD4+ T cells exclusively, we also detected cells that proliferate and produce all three tested cytokines simultaneously (IFNγ/TNFα/IL-2). The vaccine also generated long-lived central and effector memory CD4+ T cells, a desirable feature for T-cell based vaccines. By virtue of inducing broad, polyfunctional and long-lived T cell responses against conserved CD4+ T cell epitopes, combined administration of this vaccine concept may provide sustained help for CD8+ T cells and antibody responses- elicited by other HIV immunogens