Paludisme associé à la grossesse (Conséquences immunologiques chez la femme enceinte et le nouveau-né)

L objectif de ce travail était d étudier les conséquences immunologiques du paludisme gestationnel chez la femme enceinte et le nouveau-né. Ce travail de recherche fait partie du projet STOPPAM, un suivi de cohorte de femmes enceinte et de leurs enfants, réalisés dans deux pays d Afrique : le Bénin et la Tanzanie. Les objectifs de STOPPAM étaient d élucider les mécanismes et le déroulement de la pathologie du paludisme associé à la grossesse (PAG) et de quantifier les conséquences du PAG sur la santé de la mère et du jeune enfant. Nous avons, dans un premier temps, caractérisé les cellules immunocompétentes chez des femmes infectées et non-infectées au cours de la grossesse. Deux études ont été ainsi réalisées sur deux sous-groupes de femmes prélevées au début de la grossesse et à l accouchement. Sur une vingtaine de données appariées entre le début de la grossesse et l accouchement, nous avons mis en évidence une diminution de fréquence des lymphocytes T indépendamment de l infection palustre. Au cours du PAG, nous avons déterminé sur deux sous-populations de femmes enceintes, au début de la grossesse et à l accouchement : i) les fréquences et le niveau d activation des cellules médiatrices de l immunité et ii) les concentrations de cytokines et de chimiokines plasmatiques. Nos résultats ont permis de montrer, d une part que le paludisme gestationnel induit des changements qualitatifs et quantitatifs sur le profil cellulaire et cytokinique, en fonction de l âge gestationnel et en fonction de la date de l infection. L originalité de ces études réside dans l identification au début de la grossesse, de marqueurs cellulaires et cytokiniques, tels que les lymphocytes B et les Treg d une part, l IL-10, l IP-10 et le MIG d autre part, qui pourraient être un facteur de risque d infection placentaire à l accouchement. Ces observations suggèrent la nécessité de la prise en charge des infections au début de la grossesse dans le contrôle du paludisme gestationnel. La deuxième partie de notre travail s est intéressée aux conséquences du PAG sur les réponses innées du jeune enfant. Dans une première étude, nous avons caractérisé les cellules présentatrices d antigènes dans le sang du cordon en fonction du paludisme placentaire ou de l inflammation du placenta. Nos résultats montrent une altération partielle des cellules présentatrices d antigènes du nouveau-né, induite par la présence de pigment malarique dans le placenta. Nos résultats soulignent l importance de l âge de la mère au moment de la grossesse et de la parité, sur les cellules présentatrices d antigène du nouveau-né. Ces résultats suggèrent une modulation des réponses cellulaires néonatales par le PAG. La dernière partie de ce travail a considéré les réponses cytokiniques dans le sang de cordon et le sang périphérique du jeune enfant, à des ligands de TLR sur une cohorte de 134 enfants. Les observations issues de cette étude démontrent que l activation du système immunitaire inné du jeune enfant peut être modifiée par une l infection survenue à l accouchement chez la mère. Nos résultats montrent que la susceptibilité au paludisme au cours de la première année de vie dépend de la période de stimulation des récepteurs TLR du système immunitaire néonatal. L ensemble des travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse permet de comprendre des mécanismes cellulaires et inflammatoires impliqués dans le paludisme gestationnel chez la femme enceinte et chez l enfant. Nos résultats ont permis d identifier des bio-marqueurs liés au PAG.The objective of this thesis was to investigate the immunological consequences of pregnancy associated malaria (PAM) in pregnant women and their newborns. The study populations comprise sub-groups drawn from a longitudinal study known as Strategies TO Prevent Pregnancy Associated Malaria (STOPPAM) that was conducted in parallel in the two study sites i.e. Benin and Tanzania. The STOPPAM objectives were to elucidate the mechanisms and course of PAM and quantify the effects of PAM on mothers and their childhood s health. First, we characterized cell mediated-immunity from P. falciparum-infected or non-infected pregnant women. Two studies were carried out in two sub-groups of pregnant women at early pregnancy and at delivery. In the first study, we observed a decrease frequency of T cells independently of malaria infection in the twenty-four pregnant women matched at early pregnancy and at delivery. In the second study, we characterized: i) the frequency and the level of activation of cell mediated-immunity and ii) quantify the plasma level of cytokine and chemokine in sub-groups at early pregnancy and at delivery. We observed that malaria infected pregnant women enhanced qualitative and quantitative changes in cells frequencies early during pregnancy and at delivery. The main finding of this study was the B cells activation at any time of infection and the decreased frequency of Treg at early pregnancy. PAM enhanced also higher levels of IL-10, IP-10 and MIG in our sub-groups. These bio-markers were identified as risk factors of placental infection at delivery. These observations suggest the management of malaria control in pregnant women in early pregnancy. The second part of this thesis was focused on the impact of PAM on neonatal innate immune responses. In a first study, we characterized antigen-presenting cells (APC) in cord blood as a function of placental malaria infection or inflammation of the placenta. Our results showed that the presence of malaria pigment in the placenta was associated to partial activation of cord blooddendritic cells. Our results highlight the importance of the age of the mother at the time of pregnancy and parity on APC activation in cord blood. These results suggest that PAM can induce neonatal innate responses alteration. Then we considered the cytokine responses in cord blood and in peripheral blood of newborn, to TLR ligands in a cohort of 134 children. The observations from this study demonstrate that infection occurred close to/at delivery in the mother can induce modulation of young-children innate immune system, through the TLR. Our results suggest that susceptibility to malaria infection during the first year of life could depend on the period of stimulation of TLRs neonatal immune system. All the work done in this thesis provides an understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in inflammatory and gestational malaria in pregnant women and in children. Our results have identified biomarkers associated with PAG.PARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocPARIS-BIUM-Bib. électronique (751069903) / SudocSudocFranceF

Placental malarial infection as a risk factor for hypertensive disorders during pregnancy in Africa : a case-control study in an urban area of Senegal, West Africa

In tropical countries, malaria and hypertension are common diseases of pregnancy. They have physiopathologic similarities such as placental ischemia, endothelial dysfunction, and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Recent findings suggested their possible link. The authors conducted a case-control study to explore the relation between malaria and hypertension at Guediawaye, a hypoendemic malarial setting in Senegal. Cases were pregnant women admitted to the delivery unit for hypertension. Controls were pregnant women admitted for normal delivery, without any history of hypertension or proteinuria during the present pregnancy. Malarial infection was determined by placental tissue examination. From January to December 2002, 77 cases of gestational hypertension, 113 cases of preeclampsia, 59 cases of eclampsia, and 241 controls were enrolled. Placental malarial infection (PMI) was present in 14 cases (6.3%) and in 15 controls (6.2%). The prevalence of PMI was 4.6% for eclampsia, 4.0% for preeclampsia, and 11.6% for gestational hypertension. In multivariate analysis, PMI appeared to be an independent risk factor for gestational hypertension (adjusted odds ratio = 2.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.0, 7.6). The authors found an association between PMI and nonproteinuric hypertension in women living in a malaria-hypoendemic area. The exact significance of such relation should be clarified in further studies in different settings of malarial endemicity

Prevalence of and risk factors for anemia in young children in Southern Cameroon

Anemia during childhood remains a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. To determine the prevalence of and the risk factors for anemia in young children, we conducted a longitudinal survey in Ebolowa in southern Cameroon. Children were enrolled in two cohorts and followed during a three-year period : the first cohort was composed of 122 children from 0 to 36 months of age and the second cohort was composed of 84 children from 24 to 60 months of age. The two cohorts were followed weekly for symptomatic malaria, monthly for both symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria, and every six months for hematologic data ; the children were grouped into six-month age groups. The prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin [Hb] level < 11 g/dl) was the highest in the six-month-old age group (47%) and the age-related evolution clearly showed a decrease in the prevalence from three years of age. Thus, 42% of the children less than three years of age were anemic, while 21% of the children between three and five years of age were anemic. The lowest mean + or - SD Hb content (10.7 + or - 2.1 g/dl) was observed in the six-month-old children and a regular improvement in the Hb level occurred from six months to three years of age. A stabilization was observed at a level of approximately 12 g/dl. At any age, there was no difference in mean Hb levels between children with AS and AA Hb genotypes. Hookworm infection was diagnosed in two children in the study population. Results of a multivariate analysis showed that placental malaria infection was the strongest risk factor for anemia in the six-month-old children (odds ratio [OR] = 3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-12.3) and was independent of the frequency of parasitemia, parasitemia at the time of Hb measurement, or microcytosis... (D'après résumé d'auteur

Did maritime trade between Europe and West Africa influence T. Gondii genetic diversity?

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A hotspot of Toxoplasma gondii Africa 1 lineage in Benin: How new genotypes from West Africa contribute to understand the parasite genetic diversity worldwide

International audienceThrough international trades, Europe, Africa and South America share a long history of exchanges, potentially of pathogens. We used the worldwide parasite Toxoplasma gondii to test the hypothesis of a historical influence on pathogen genetic diversity in Benin, a West African country with a longstanding sea trade history. In Africa, T . gondii spatial structure is still non-uniformly studied and very few articles have reported strain genetic diversity in fauna and clinical forms of human toxoplasmosis so far, even in African diaspora. Sera from 758 domestic animals (mainly poultry) in two coastal areas (Cotonou and Ouidah) and two inland areas (Parakou and Natitingou) were tested for T . gondii antibodies using a Modified Agglutination Test (MAT). The hearts and brains of 69 seropositive animals were collected for parasite isolation in a mouse bioassay. Forty-five strains were obtained and 39 genotypes could be described via 15-microsatellite genotyping, with a predominance of the autochthonous African lineage Africa 1 (36/39). The remaining genotypes were Africa 4 variant TUB2 (1/39) and two identical isolates (clone) of Type III (2/39). No difference in terms of genotype distribution between inland and coastal sampling sites was found. In particular, contrarily to what has been described in Senegal, no type II (mostly present in Europe) was isolated in poultry from coastal cities. This result seems to refute a possible role of European maritime trade in Benin despite it was one of the most important hubs during the slave trade period. However, the presence of the Africa 1 genotype in Brazil, predominant in Benin, and genetic analyses suggest that the triangular trade was a route for the intercontinental dissemination of genetic strains from Africa to South America. This supports the possibility of contamination in humans and animals with potentially imported virulent strains.Author summary: The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide-distributed pathogen, able to infect all warm-blooded animals. There are important differences in the clinical expression of the infection in direct relation with the parasite genetic profile. In some regions, the geographical structuration of its genetic diversity points towards a crucial role of human activities in some lineages introduction or sorting. Benin is a West African country with a history of extensive transcontinental exchanges. Our genetic study of Toxoplasma in Benin shows a surprisingly homogeneous and autochthonous diversity, which contrasts with previous studies from other West and Central African countries. In Benin, the absence of European Toxoplasma lineages may be explained by the extreme rarity of the house mouse (Mus musculus), a host species that was previously described as highly susceptible to the mouse-virulent African strains. Might Benin be the origin region for the Africa 1 lineage, our results suggest that Guinean Gulf coasts may be a starting point of this lineage towards South America, especially Brazil, during the slave trade. As a whole, the present study provides further insights into the recent evolutionary history of Toxoplasma gondii and its consequences on human and animal health

Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and detection of infection acquired during pregnancy in Cotonou, Benin

Assessing the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and the associated risk factors is the first step in defining policy for the prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis in a given population. An epidemiological study was conducted during prenatal consultations at the CHU-MEL of Cotonou (Benin) between September 2018 and April 2021 and recruited 549 pregnant women to determine the seroprevalence and potential factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection. Toxoplasma gondii IgG/IgM antibodies were detected using an enzyme-linked fluorescence assay (ELFA) technique, an IgG avidity test and an IgG/IgM comparative Western blot to diagnose the maternal toxoplasmosis serological status, the possibility of an infection acquired during pregnancy and congenital infection, respectively. Concomitantly, the participants answered a questionnaire investigating potential risk factors. Toxoplasmosis seroprevalence was estimated at 44.4% (95% CI 40.3–48.6) and the factors significantly associated with T. gondii seropositivity were: age over 30 years, multigravid women and contact with cats. The possibility of an infection acquired during the periconceptional period or the first trimester of pregnancy concerned six women [1.1% (95% CI 0.5–2.0)]. However, due to the low rate of serological controls in seronegative women, a significant proportion of women first tested during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, and an insufficient sample size, the incidence of primary infection during pregnancy could not be determined. No cases of congenital transmission occurred in the newborns from the suspected cases of primary infection

Low incidence of SARS-CoV-2, risk factors of mortality and the course of illness in the French national cohort of dialysis patients

International audienceThe aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of COVID-19 disease in the French national population of dialysis patients, their course of illness and to identify the risk factors associated with mortality. Our study included all patients on dialysis recorded in the French REIN Registry in April 2020. Clinical characteristics at last follow-up and the evolution of COVID-19 illness severity over time were recorded for diagnosed cases (either suspicious clinical symptoms, characteristic signs on the chest scan or a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) for SARS-CoV-2. A total of 1,621 infected patients were reported on the REIN registry from March 16th, 2020 to May 4th, 2020. Of these, 344 died. The prevalence of COVID-19 patients varied from less than 1% to 10% between regions. The probability of being a case was higher in males, patients with diabetes, those in need of assistance for transfer or treated at a self-care unit. Dialysis at home was associated with a lower probability of being infected as was being a smoker, a former smoker, having an active malignancy, or peripheral vascular disease. Mortality in diagnosed cases (21%) was associated with the same causes as in the general population. Higher age, hypoalbuminemia and the presence of an ischemic heart disease were statistically independently associated with a higher risk of death. Being treated at a selfcare unit was associated with a lower risk. Thus, our study showed a relatively low frequency of COVID-19 among dialysis patients contrary to what might have been assumed

The risk of COVID-19 death is much greater and age dependent with type I IFN autoantibodies

International audienceSignificance There is growing evidence that preexisting autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) are strong determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. It is important to estimate their quantitative impact on COVID-19 mortality upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, by age and sex, as both the prevalence of these autoantibodies and the risk of COVID-19 death increase with age and are higher in men. Using an unvaccinated sample of 1,261 deceased patients and 34,159 individuals from the general population, we found that autoantibodies against type I IFNs strongly increased the SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate at all ages, in both men and women. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs are strong and common predictors of life-threatening COVID-19. Testing for these autoantibodies should be considered in the general population