La liberté comme pratique de la différence. Rousseau, Olympe de Gouges et les saint-simoniennes

Access to intellectual life and political thinking is not obvious. This idea has not always appeared in philosophers’ and political writers’ texts. Only in quite recent times, those who were left out of such a life came to tell their experience of having crossed the line of political thinking. Our research begins by making a place in philosophical thought for the voices of those (like Olympe de Gouges and Saint-Simonian women) who tried to say why and how they came to philosophy and to political reflection. We thought that their words might have an unexpected significance: their speeches would be the place in which the modern political philosophy (the philosophy of Rousseau above all) is tested and the modern idea of freedom is discussed. When women's voices question philosophy, philosophy itself is transformed: in the texts of the great writers of his tradition, like Rousseau and Kant, sexual differentiation produces a double movement: they think of, and deny at the same time, this difference; they incorporate women in the social contract, but they stopped immediately the question of knowing what it means to be a free women. We studies the texts of these women – political writers, Rousseau's readers, and philosophers – who tried to know what sexual differentiation is and to understand the meaning of their being a free individual. We studied also the different way they express their own claim for justice. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the analysis of Olympe de Gouges’ texts, to show that her political thinking cannot be reduced to an application of contractualism. The third part is a study of the political thinking and practice of the Saint-Simonian women (especially their journal La femme libre). We examine the emergence of a new idea, the idea of a modern, spiritual or symbolic authority, that Saint-Simonian women evoke as a condition of their freedom and democrac

Images de femmes libres

C’est à partir des pratiques d’imagination politique, forçant les frontières entre le pensable et l’impensable, entre le réel et l’irréel, qu’on se propose d’analyser les liens multiples se nouant entre la création d’images et les pratiques d’émancipation. En discutant d’abord l’interprétation d’Olympe de Gouges proposée par Joan Scott, on se propose de comprendre à quelles conditions cette imagination devient un obstacle, plus qu’un soutien, pour la transformation de l’ordre des idées et des pratiques. La condition que nous allons poser comme incontournable est une pratique collective de la liberté. Dans cette perspective, nous allons analyser dans un deuxième moment, les créations symboliques d’un groupe de femmes liées au saint-simonisme, qui avaient collaboré à la revue La femme libre publiée entre 1832 et 1834, dans le cadre de la première expérience féministe française.We will analyze the relationships between images and emancipatory practices by focusing on political imagination, transforming the boundaries between the thinkable and the unthinkable, the real and the unreal. By first discussing the interpretation of Olympe de Gouges proposed by Joan Scott, it is proposed to examine when the political imagination becomes a barrier, more than a support, for the transformation of ideas and practices. The essential condition is a collective practice of freedom. In this perspective, we will explore the symbolic creations of a group of women related to Saint- Simonism, who collaborated with the magazine La femme libre published between 1832 and 1834

Do innovation and financial constraints affect the profit efficiency of European enterprises?

This paper investigates the relationship between profit efficiency, finance and innovation. By adopting stochastic frontiers, we pioneer the use of a novel dataset merging firm level survey data with balance sheet information for a large sample of European companies. We find that firms having difficulties in access to finance as well as firms introducing product innovation display an incentive to improve their efficiency. While innovation produces benefit for firms’ profitability, financial constraints impose a discipline to the firms forcing them to cut unproductive costs that reduce the profitability. We document nuanced differences between firms in industry and services, while they are more pronounced when we look at disaggregation across High-Tech and Low-Tech companies. From a policy perspective, our results enrich the understanding on the link between innovation, financial constraints and efficiency, which goes beyond the idea that easier access to finance is the panacea to get higher performance

Heatwaves and physiological discomfort: the strange case of the year 2022 on the ‘Kiss Pass’ of Portofino Natural Park, Italy

Due to its cultural and landscape attractions, Portofino Natural Park is walked by thousands of hikers per year. In the Park's trail network, the path between Batterie and San Fruttuoso (known as “Passo del Bacio” translated to “Kiss Pass”) is one of the most popular because it is located on the edge of high rocky cliffs. Due to slope exposure and meteorological features, interventions by National Corp of Alpine and Speleological Rescue occur annually. The year 2022 was a record year, either for the particularly warm meteorological profile and the exceptional number of accidents recorde

ALFONSO GONZÁLEZ, JOSÉ [Material gráfico]

Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, 201

Glycerolized reticular dermis as a new human acellular dermal matrix: An exploratory study

Human Acellular Dermal Matrices (HADM) are employed in various reconstructive surgery procedures as scaffolds for autologous tissue regeneration. The aim of this project was to develop a new type of HADM for clinical use, composed of glycerolized reticular dermis decellularized through incubation and tilting in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM). This manufacturing method was compared with a decellularization procedure already described in the literature, based on the use of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), on samples from 28 donors. Cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay and microbiological monitoring was performed on all samples processed after each step. Two surgeons evaluated the biomechanical characteristics of grafts of increasing thickness. The effects of the different decellularization protocols were assessed by means of histological examination and immunohistochemistry, and residual DNA after decellularization was quantified using a real-time TaqMan MGB probe. Finally, we compared the results of DMEM based decellularization protocol on reticular dermis derived samples with the results of the same protocol applied on papillary dermis derived grafts. Our experimental results indicated that the use of glycerolized reticular dermis after 5 weeks of treatment with DMEM results in an HADM with good handling and biocompatibility properties

Effects of 5-Week of FIFA 11+ Warm-Up Program on Explosive Strength, Speed, and Perception of Physical Exertion in Elite Female Futsal Athletes

Futsal is a sport that originates from soccer and is increasingly practiced all over the world. Since training and warm-up protocols should be sport-specific in order to reduce injuries and maximize performance, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of 5 weeks of the FIFA 11+ warm-up program on explosive strength, speed, and perception of physical exertion in elite female futsal athletes. Twenty-nine elite female futsal athletes participating in the Italian national championships were divided into two groups: the experimental group (EG) underwent 5 weeks of the FIFA 11+ warmup program, and the control group (CG) underwent 5 weeks of a dynamic warm-up. We evaluated any effect on explosive strength (by Squat Jump test), speed (by Agility T-test), and perception of physical exertion (by Borg CR-10 scale). All measurements were carried out by a technician of the Italian Football Federation before (T0), at the middle (T1), and at the end (T2) of the protocol. The EG showed significant improvements on performances between T0 vs. T1 and T0 vs. T2 both in the Squat Jump test (p = 0.0057 and p = 0.0030, respectively) and in the Agility T-test (p = 0.0075 and p = 0.0122). No significant differences were found in the Squat Jump test performances in the CG, while significant improvements were detected in the Agility T-test performances (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.0053, T0 vs. T1 and T0 vs. T2, respectively). As for the Borg CR-10 scale, we found a significant difference between T0 and T2 in the EG (p = 0.017) and no differences in the CG. This study showed that 5 weeks of the FIFA 11+ warm-up program improves the jumping performance of female futsal athletes without adversely affecting speed. These findings can be useful for coaches and athletic trainers in order to consider FIFA 11+ warm-up program also in female futsal athletes

Simulated microgravity induces nuclear translocation of Bax and BCL-2 in glial cultured C6 cells

Alterations in the control of apoptotic processes were observed in cells during space flight or under simulated microgravity, the latter obtained with the 3D-Random Positioning Machine (3D-RPM). Usually the proteins Bax and Bcl-2, act as pro- or anti-apoptotic regulators. Here we investigated the effects of simulated microgravity obtained by the 3D-RPM on cell viability, localization and expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in cultures of glial cancerous cells. We observed for the first time a transient cytoplasmic/nuclear translocation of Bax and Bcl-2 triggered by changing gravity vector. Bax translocates into the nucleus after 1 h, is present simultaneously in the cytoplasm after 6 h and comes back to the cytoplasm after 24 h. Bcl-2 translocate into the nucleus only after 6 h and comes back to the cytoplasm after 24 h. Physiological meaning, on the regulation of apoptotic event and possible applicative outcomes of such finding are discussed

Therapeutic DNA vaccination of vertically HIV-infected children: Report of the first pediatric randomised trial (PEDVAC)

Subjects: Twenty vertically HIV-infected children, 6–16 years of age, with stable viral load control and CD4+ values above 400 cells/mm³. Intervention: Ten subjects continued their ongoing antiretroviral treatment (ART, Group A) and 10 were immunized with a HIV-DNA vaccine in addition to their previous therapy (ART and vaccine, Group B). The genetic vaccine represented HIV-1 subtypes A, B and C, encoded Env, Rev, Gag and RT and had no additional adjuvant. Immunizations took place at weeks 0, 4 and 12, with a boosting dose at week 36. Monitoring was performed until week 60 and extended to week 96. Results: Safety data showed good tolerance of the vaccine. Adherence to ART remained high and persistent during the study and did not differ significantly between controls and vaccinees. Neither group experienced either virological failure or a decline of CD4+ counts from baseline. Higher HIV-specific cellular immune responses were noted transiently to Gag but not to other components of the vaccine. Lymphoproliferative responses to a virion antigen HIV-1 MN were higher in the vaccinees than in the controls (p = 0.047), whereas differences in reactivity to clade-specific Gag p24, RT or Env did not reach significance. Compared to baseline, the percentage of HIV-specific CD8+ lymphocytes releasing perforin in the Group B was higher after the vaccination schedule had been completed (p = 0.031). No increased CD8+ perforin levels were observed in control Group A. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates the feasibility, safety and moderate immunogenicity of genetic vaccination in vertically HIV-infected children, paving the way for amplified immunotherapeutic approaches in the pediatric population. Trial registration: clinicaltrialsregister.eu 2007-002359-18; 2007-002359-18/I

Prescription appropriateness of anti-diabetes drugs in elderly patients hospitalized in a clinical setting: evidence from the REPOSI Register

Diabetes is an increasing global health burden with the highest prevalence (24.0%) observed in elderly people. Older diabetic adults have a greater risk of hospitalization and several geriatric syndromes than older nondiabetic adults. For these conditions, special care is required in prescribing therapies including anti- diabetes drugs. Aim of this study was to evaluate the appropriateness and the adherence to safety recommendations in the prescriptions of glucose-lowering drugs in hospitalized elderly patients with diabetes. Data for this cross-sectional study were obtained from the REgistro POliterapie-Società Italiana Medicina Interna (REPOSI) that collected clinical information on patients aged ≥ 65 years acutely admitted to Italian internal medicine and geriatric non-intensive care units (ICU) from 2010 up to 2019. Prescription appropriateness was assessed according to the 2019 AGS Beers Criteria and anti-diabetes drug data sheets.Among 5349 patients, 1624 (30.3%) had diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. At admission, 37.7% of diabetic patients received treatment with metformin, 37.3% insulin therapy, 16.4% sulfonylureas, and 11.4% glinides. Surprisingly, only 3.1% of diabetic patients were treated with new classes of anti- diabetes drugs. According to prescription criteria, at admission 15.4% of patients treated with metformin and 2.6% with sulfonylureas received inappropriately these treatments. At discharge, the inappropriateness of metformin therapy decreased (10.2%, P < 0.0001). According to Beers criteria, the inappropriate prescriptions of sulfonylureas raised to 29% both at admission and at discharge. This study shows a poor adherence to current guidelines on diabetes management in hospitalized elderly people with a high prevalence of inappropriate use of sulfonylureas according to the Beers criteria