Tetranychidae (Acari) in forest fragments in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil

International audienceTetranychidae is an important family of phytophagous mites, with some species considered agricultural pests. Nevertheless, there are few studies about the diversity of this mite family in natural environments. Thus, the objective was to record the species of spider mites associated with plants in forest fragments located in the Northwestern of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Thirty-eight species belonging to 14 genera of Tetranychidae were recorded. Only Tetranychus mexicanus and Eutetranychus banksi, species recorded on plants of economic interest, in some cases causing damage to crops, were abundant and frequent in the forest fragments sampled in this study. The knowledge of plants that can serve as alternate hosts or plant-traps can assist in understanding the dynamics of these mites in agroecosystems. The great diversity of Tetranychidae registered, and the limited knowledge of these mites associated with plants in natural environments, reinforces the importance of surveys carried out in forest remnants. Future studies should be conducted to increase the knowledge of spider mites in natural areas

Fitoseídeos (Acari: Phytoseiidae) associados a cafezais e fragmentos florestais vizinhos Phytoseiids (Acari: Phytoseiidae) associated to coffee plantations and adjacent forest fragments

Existem poucas informações sobre a fauna de ácaros predadores (Phytoseiidae) em ambientes naturais brasileiros adjacentes a agroecossistemas cafeeiros (Coffea spp.) ou sobre a influência que essa vegetação exerce como reservatório de ácaros predadores. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a diversidade destes organismos em cafeeiros e fragmentos florestais adjacentes. Coletaram-se amostras das espécies Calyptranthes clusiifolia (Miq.) O. Berg (Myrtaceae), Esenbeckia febrifuga (A. St.-Hil.) A. Juss. ex Mart. (Rutaceae), Metrodorea stipularis Mart. (Rutaceae) e Allophylus semidentatus (Miq.) Radlk. (Sapindaceae), em oito fragmentos florestais, de 5 a 51 ha, e cafezais adjacentes, nos meses de junho (final período chuvoso) e outubro (final período seco) nos anos 2004 e 2005, na região Sul do Estado de Minas Gerais. Ácaros foram extraídos das folhas, utilizando o método de lavagem e, em seguida, montados em lâminas de microscopia em meio de Hoyer, para identificação específica. No total foram identificados 2.348 fitoseídeos, sendo 2.090 nos fragmentos florestais e 258 espécimes nos cafezais adjacentes, pertencentes a 38 espécies. Servindo-se de análise faunística, a espécie Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma, 1972 apresentou os melhores índices no agroecossistema cafeeiro, sendo muito frequente e constante nas épocas estudadas. Nos fragmentos florestais Amblyseius herbicolus Chant, 1959, Iphiseiodes affs. neonobilis Denmark & Muma, 1978, Leonseius regularis DeLeon, 1965 e Euseius alatus DeLeon, 1966 foram dominantes, muito abundantes, muito frequentes e constantes nas épocas estudadas. Podemos concluir que a vegetação nativa abriga ácaros predadores, inimigos naturais de ácaros-praga, que ocorrem na cultura cafeeira, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de programas de manejo ecológico com áreas de vegetação natural e agroecossistemas cafeeiros adjacentes.<br>There is little information about the fauna of predatory mites (Phytoseiidae) in Brazilian natural environments, adjacent to coffee agroecosystems (Coffea spp.), or about the influence exerted by neighbor vegetation as a reservoir of predatory mites. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of these organisms in coffee plantations and adjacent forest fragments. Samples of the species Calyptranthes clusiifolia (Miq.) O. Berg (Myrtaceae), Esenbeckia febrifuga (A. St.-Hil.) A. Juss. ex Mart., Metrodorea stipularis Mart. (Rutaceae) and Allophylus semidentatus (Miq.) Radlk. (Sapindaceae) were collected in eight forest fragments, from 5 to 51ha, adjacent to coffee plantations, in June (end of the rainy season) and October (end of the dry season) in the years of 2004 and 2005, in the Southern region of State of Minas Gerais. Leaf mites were extracted using the wash method, mounted in microscopy slides with Hoyer's medium for identification. A total of 2.348 phytoseiids was collected, being 2.090 in the forest fragments and 258 in adjacent coffee plantations, belonging to 38 species. According to fauna analysis, Iphiseiodes zuluaguai Denmark & Muma, the year of 1972 presented the best indexes in the coffee agroecosystem, being very frequent and constant in those periods. In the forest fragments, Amblyseius herbicolus Chant, 1959, Iphiseiodes affs. neonobilis Denmark & Muma, 1978, Leonseius regularis DeLeon, 1965 and Euseius alatus DeLeon, 1966 were dominant, very abundant, very frequent and constant in those periods. One may conclude that the native vegetation shelters predator mite, natural enemies of mite-pests that still occur in coffee culture, making possible ecological management program development involving areas of natural vegetation and adjacent coffee agroecosystems

Contrasting Engineering Effects Of Leaf-rolling Caterpillars On A Tropical Mite Community

Ecosystem engineers are organisms that change the physical structure of environments and provide habitats for other organisms. Lepidopteran caterpillars may act as ecosystem engineers by rolling leaves as shelters to complete metamorphosis. After being abandoned, these structures may provide shelter for other organisms. In this study, the influence of leaf-rolling caterpillars on tropical mite communities was reported. Expanded leaves and leaves rolled by larvae and also developed field experiments using leaves rolled manually with different shapes and sizes (i.e. different architectures) in different seasons were surveyed (dry and rainy). While the abundance and diversity of predatory mites were higher in rolled leaves, the abundance of phytophages decreased in these leaves. Species composition differed between rolled and expanded leaves. The structure of shelters affected the distribution of predatory mites, with higher abundances found on funnel-shaped leaves. Predatory mites only benefited from the rolled leaves in the dry season. This is the first study showing (i) the contrasting effects of ecosystem engineers on microarthropod communities, favouring some feeding guilds and inhibiting others; (ii) that the shape of rolled leaves has variable effects on mite communities; and (iii) that facilitation was temporally dependent, i.e. occurred only in the dry season. © 2013 The Royal Entomological Society.382193200Badano, E.I., Marquet, P.A., Cavieres, L.A., Predicting effects of ecosystem engineering on species richness along primary productivity gradients (2010) Acta Oecologica, 36, pp. 46-54Brown, K.S., Borboletas da Serra do Japi: diversidade, habitats, recursos alimentares e variação temporal (1992) História natural da Serra do Japi, pp. 142-186. , L. P. C. 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P. C. Morelatto, Editora da UNICAMP, Campinas, BrazilLind, E., Jones, M.T., Long, J.D., Weiss, M.R., Ontogenetic changes in leaf shelter construction by larvae of the silver spotted skipper, Epargyreus clarus (2001) Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 54, pp. 77-82Marquis, R.J., Lill, J.T., Effects of arthropods as physical ecosystem engineers on plant-based trophic interaction webs (2006) Indirect Interaction Webs: Nontrophic linkages Through Induced Plant Traits, pp. 246-274. , T. Ohgushi, P. Craig and P. W. Price, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.KMartinsen, G.D., Floate, K.D., Waltz, A.M., Wimp, G.M., Whitham, T.G., Positive interactions between leafrollers and other arthropods enhance biodiversity on hybrid cottonwoods (2000) Oecologia, 123, pp. 82-89Moraes, G.J., Flechtmann, C.H.W., (2008) Manual de acarologia: acarologia básica e ácaros de plantas cultivadas no Brasil, , Holos, Ribeirão Preto, BrazilNakamura, M., Ohgushi, T., Positive e negative effects of leaf shelters on herbivorous insects: linking multiple herbivores on a willow (2003) Oecology, 136, pp. 445-449Norton, A.P., English-Loeb, G., Belden, E., Hostplant manipulation of natural enemies: leaf domatia protectbeneficial mites from insect predators (2001) Oecologia, 126, pp. 535-542Norton, A.P., English-Loeb, G., Gadoury, D., Seem, R.C., Mycophagous mites and foliar pathogens: leaf domatia mediate tritrophic interactions in grapes (2000) Ecology, 81, pp. 490-499Ohgushi, T., Herbivore induced indirect interaction webs on terrestrial plants: the importance of non-trophic, indirect, and facilitative interactions (2008) Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 128, pp. 217-229Pinto, H.S., Clima na Serra do Japi (1992) História natural da Serra do Japi: ecologia e preservação de uma Área florestal no Sudeste do Brasil, pp. 30-38. , L. 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Mites And Leaf Domatia: No Evidence Of Mutualism In Coffea Arabica Plants [Ácaros E Domácias Foliares: Sem Evidências De Mutualismo Em Plantas De Coffea Arabica]

We conducted experiments by blocking off pit-like domatia from old and new leaves of Coffea arabica L., using tiny resin drops, to investigate the role of domatia on i) mite abundance at the community level and on ii) leaf damages. More than 77% of the mites collected were predators, whereas 19 and 3.3% were omnivores and phytophages, respectively. Domatia blockage treatment had no influence either on mite abundances or leaf damages. However, predatory and omnivorous mites were more abundant on new than on the old leaves; phytophagous mites occurred at very low density and occupied only plants having open domatia. The absence of mutualism between mites and C. arabica probably occurred because the entrances of domatia were too small and did not enable the entry of fitoseid predators in these structures.1112734Agrawal, A.A., Karban, R., Colfer, R.G., How leaf domatia and induced plant resistance affect herbivores, natural enemies and plant performance (2000) Oikos, 89, pp. 70-80Bernacci, L.C., Leitão-Filho, H.F., Flora fanerogâmica da floresta da Fazenda São Vicente, Campinas, SP (1996) Rev. Bras. Bot, 19 (2), pp. 149-164Coste, R., (1992) Coffee: The Plant and The Product, , MacMillan Press, London, UKFaraji, F., Janssen, A., Sabelis, M.W., The benefits of clustering eggs: The role of egg predation and larval cannibalism in a predatory mite (2002) Oecologia, 131 (1), pp. 20-26Faraji, F., Janssen, A., Sabelis, M.W., Oviposition patterns in a predatory mite reduce the risk of egg predation caused by prey (2002) Ecol. 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Ecologia E Preservação De Uma Floresta Tropical Urbana, pp. 19-29. , (H.F. Leitão-Filho & P.C. Morellato, org.). Editora da UNICAMP, Campinas, BrazilMartins, S.V., Rodrigues, R.R., Assessing the role of the canopy gap characteristics in the regeneration of shrub and tree species in a semideciduous mesophytic forest in south-eastern Brazil (2005) New Research On Forest Ecosystems, pp. 93-112. , (A.R. Burk, ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York, USAMatos, C.H.C., Pallini, A., Chaves, F.F., Galbiati, C., Domácias do cafeeiro beneficiam o ácaro predador Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma (Acari: Phytoseiidae)? (2004) Neotrop. Entomol, 33 (1), pp. 57-63Matos, C.H.C., Pallini, A., Chaves, F.F., Schoereder, J.H., Janssen, A., Do domatia mediate mutualistic interactions between coffee plants and predatory mites? (2006) Entomol. Exper. Appl, 118 (3), pp. 185-192McMurtry, J.A., Croft, B.A., Life-styles of phytoseiid mites and their roles in biological control (1997) Ann. Rev. Entomol, 42, pp. 291-321Mello, M.H.A., Pedro, M.J., Ortolani, A.A., Alfonsi, R.R., (1994) Chuva E Temperatura: Cem Anos De Observações Em Campinas, p. 154. , Instituto Agronômico, Campinas. Boletim TécnicoMineiro, J.L.C., Sato, M.E., Raga, A., Arthur, V., Population dynamics of phytophagous and predaceous mites on coffee in Brazil, with emphasis on Brevipalpus phoenicis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) (2008) Exp. Appl. Acarol, 44 (4), pp. 277-291Moraes, G.J., Flechtmann, C.H.W., (2008) Manual De Acarologia: Acarologia Básica E Ácaros De Plantas Cultivadas No Brasil, p. 288. , Editora Holos, Ribeirão PretoNakamura, T., Tanigushi, T., Maeda, E., Leaf anatomy of Coffea arabica L. with reference to domatia (2002) Jap. J. Crop. Sci, 61 (4), pp. 642-650Ness, J.H., Contrasting exotic Solenopsis invicta and native Forelius pruinosus ants as mutualists with Catalpa bignonioides, a native plant (2003) Ecol. Entomol, 28 (2), pp. 247-251Nishi, A.H., Romero, G.Q., Colonization pattern of Cecropia by Azteca ants: Influence of plant ontogeny, environment and host plant choice by queens (2008) Sociobiology, 52 (2), pp. 367-376Nishida, S., Naiki, A., Nishida, T., Morphological variation in leaf domatia enables coexistence of antagonistic mites in Cinnamomum camphora (2005) Can. J. Bot, 83 (1), pp. 93-101Norton, A.P., English-Noeb, G., Gadoury, D., Seem, R.C., Mycophagous mites and foliar pathogens: Leaf domatia mediate tritrophic interactions in grapes (2000) Ecology, 81 (2), pp. 490-499Norton, A.P., English-Noeb, G., Belden, E., Host plant manipulation of natural enemies: Leaf domatia protect beneficial mites from insect predators (2001) Oecologia, 126 (4), pp. 535-542O'Dowd, D.J., Mite association with the leaf domatia of coffee (Coffea arabica) in North Queensland, Australia (1994) Bull. Entomol. Res, 84, pp. 361-366O'Dowd, D.J., Willson, M.F., Leaf domatia and mites on Australasian plants: Ecological and evolutionary implications (1989) Biol. J. Linn. Soc, 37 (3), pp. 191-236Onzo, A., Hanna, R., Zannou, I., Sabelis, M.W., Yaninek, J.S., Dynamics of refuge use: Diurnal, vertical migration by predatory and herbivorous mites within cassava plants (2003) Oikos, 101 (1), pp. 59-69Pemberton, R.W., Turner, C.E., Occurrence of predatory and fungivorous mites in leaf domatia (1989) Am. J. Bot, 76 (1), pp. 105-112Roda, A., Nyrop, J., Dicke, M., English-Loeb, G., Trichomes and spider-mite webbing protect predatory mite eggs from intraguild predation (2000) Oecologia, 125 (3), pp. 428-435Romero, G.Q., Benson, W.W., Leaf domatia mediate mutualism between mites and tropical tree (2004) Oecologia, 140 (4), pp. 609-616Romero, G.Q., Benson, W.W., Biotic interactions of mites, plants and leaf domatia (2005) Cur. Opin. Plant Biol, 8 (4), pp. 436-440Serrão, S.M., (2002) Para Além Dos Domínios Da Mata: Uma Discussão Sobre O Processo De Preservação Da Reserva Da Mata Santa Genebra, Campinas SP, , Tese de doutorado, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, BrasilShimber, T., Kufa, T., Yilma, A., The Effect of Established Shade Trees On the Growth and Yield of Arabica Coffee In Two Planting Patterns (2002) International Conference on Coffee Science (ASIC), , Trieste, ItalyVega, F.E., Ochoa, R., Astorga, C., Walter, D.E., Mites (Arachnida: Acari) inhabiting coffee domatia: A short review and recent findings from Costa Rica (2007) Internat. J. Acarol, 33 (4), pp. 291-295Walter, D.E., Living on leaves: Mites, tomenta, and leaf domatia (1996) Ann. Rev. Entomol, 41, pp. 101-114Walter, D.E., O'Dowd, D.J., Leaves with domatia have more mites (1992) Ecology, 73 (4), pp. 1514-151