Complexation and Extraction Studies of 2-[(Benzothiazolyl) azo]-4-benzylphenol with Cd+2 Ion

      The extraction method shows optimum pH of extraction was  (pHex= 9), and the reaction of complexation need 50µg Cd+2 ion (8.89×10-5M) in aqueous solution to give higher distribution ratio and more stable complex, shaking time necessary to reach equilibrium was (10minutes), as well as stoichiometry studies show the more probable structure of complex extracted was (1:1) (Metal:Ligand) [Cd+2(BTABP)(Cl-)], organic solvent effect was study demonstrate there is no linear relation between dielectric constant (ε) of organic solvent and distribution ratio (D), but there is an effect for organic solvent structure to participate in the formation of complex,  effect of temperature on extraction method shows that reaction between ligand (BTABP) and Cd+2 ion was endothermic reaction and the enthalpy of extraction  ΔHex = 0.0087 KJ.mol-1 Gibb,  Free energy  ΔGex = 52.4 KJ.mol-1 and  entropy ΔSex= 157.4 KJ.mol-1, synergism effect shows participate one molecule of TBP in each molecule of complex formed and effect to enhanced distribution ratio (D) [Cd+2(BTABP)(Cl-)(TBP)]

Financial Indicators as Determinants of Mayoral Elections. Evidence from Italian Local Governments.

The chapter seeks to contribute to the literature on determinants of local government election by adopting a different perspective focused on the effects of financial indicators on the elections of mayors. Using the agency and the public choice theory, this study implements a model where specific financial indicators—whose selection takes into account the increased autonomy and responsibility of local politicians—have been included to document their effect on mayoral re-election. Focusing on the Italian context, the chapter examines a sample of 129 municipalities during the period 2008-2014, where several elections were held. By using different estimators, findings indicate that the re-election of mayors is affected by the level of indebtedness and the current equilibrium. In addition, current spending is better valued by citizens/voters than capital expenditure, which increases the probability of being re-elected