Estudos sobre a nutrição mineral do arroz: VII. exigências nutricionais das variedades IAC-25 e IAC-47

Rice plants, varieties IAC 25 and IAC 47, were grown in nutrient solution till the end of the life cycle when they were analysed both for macro and micronutrients. Main conclusions were the following: IAC 47, higher yielding, showed larger requirements than IAC 25; for production (total) and export (grain), the demand for nutrients was the same in both varieties.As exigências nutricionais das variedades de arroz IAC 25 e IAC 47 foram determinadas analisando-se os diferentes órgãos de plantas cultivadas em solução nutritiva até o fim do ciclo. Verificou-se serem distintas as exigências, maior na IAC 47 (mais tardia) que deu também maior produção de grãos com casca

Studies on the mineral nutrition of the rice plant: IX. time course on the uptake of macronutrients by the variety IAC-47

Rice plants, variety IAC-47, were grown in the nº 2 nutrient solution of HOAGLAND & ARNON (1950) until the end of the life cycle. Plants were sampled at well defined physiological periods for analyses. It was verified that trends for levvelling off occurred in the case of accumulation of N, K and Ca. Translocation from leaves to grain was observed with respect to N, P and K. Maximum rates of uptake of all elements took place from 50 to 100 days after germination.Foram estudadas, em condições controladas, a acumulação de matéria seca e a de macronutrientes na variedade de arroz IAC-47. Ambos os processos em geral são descritos por sigmóides típicas; picos para os valores totais de produção de matéria seca e de acumulação de elementos entre: 100 e 140 dias depois da germinação

Estudos sobre a nutrição mineral do arroz: XIII. efeitos das deficiências de micronutrientes nas variedades IAC-25 e IAC-47

Rice plants were grown in nutrient solution lither in the presence or in the absence of B, Cu and Zn. The symptoms of deficiency were usually in agreement with those described in the literature. Growth of the variety IAC-47 (number of leaves, tillering and total dry matter) was relatively more affected; this variety, however did produce grains under the minus Cu treatment (one fourth of the yield observed in the "complete" treatment), which did not happen in the case of the other variety. At the beginning of the grain filling period the following leaf contents could be considered as indication of deficiency: B-13 to 25 ppm; Zn-20 ppm; no conclusion could be drawn with respect to Cu levels.Plantas de arroz, variedades IAC-25 e IAC-47 foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva e com deficiência de B, Cu e Zn. Foram obtidos sintomas de carência dos três micronutrientes. As deficiências induzidas provocaram diminuição na matéria seca total e no número de folhas das duas variedades. O mesmo ocorreu no numero de perfilhos da var. IAC-47. Foi feita a determinação dos teores dos micronutrientes nas plantas submetidas aos diferentes tratamentos o que forneceu dados que ajudam a avaliação do estado nutricional

Pulsar-wind nebulae and magnetar outflows: observations at radio, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths

We review observations of several classes of neutron-star-powered outflows: pulsar-wind nebulae (PWNe) inside shell supernova remnants (SNRs), PWNe interacting directly with interstellar medium (ISM), and magnetar-powered outflows. We describe radio, X-ray, and gamma-ray observations of PWNe, focusing first on integrated spectral-energy distributions (SEDs) and global spectral properties. High-resolution X-ray imaging of PWNe shows a bewildering array of morphologies, with jets, trails, and other structures. Several of the 23 so far identified magnetars show evidence for continuous or sporadic emission of material, sometimes associated with giant flares, and a few possible "magnetar-wind nebulae" have been recently identified.Comment: 61 pages, 44 figures (reduced in quality for size reasons). Published in Space Science Reviews, "Jets and Winds in Pulsar Wind Nebulae, Gamma-ray Bursts and Blazars: Physics of Extreme Energy Release

Genomic analysis of two phlebotomine sand fly vectors of Leishmania from the New and Old World.

Phlebotomine sand flies are of global significance as important vectors of human disease, transmitting bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens, including the kinetoplastid parasites of the genus Leishmania, the causative agents of devastating diseases collectively termed leishmaniasis. More than 40 pathogenic Leishmania species are transmitted to humans by approximately 35 sand fly species in 98 countries with hundreds of millions of people at risk around the world. No approved efficacious vaccine exists for leishmaniasis and available therapeutic drugs are either toxic and/or expensive, or the parasites are becoming resistant to the more recently developed drugs. Therefore, sand fly and/or reservoir control are currently the most effective strategies to break transmission. To better understand the biology of sand flies, including the mechanisms involved in their vectorial capacity, insecticide resistance, and population structures we sequenced the genomes of two geographically widespread and important sand fly vector species: Phlebotomus papatasi, a vector of Leishmania parasites that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis, (distributed in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa) and Lutzomyia longipalpis, a vector of Leishmania parasites that cause visceral leishmaniasis (distributed across Central and South America). We categorized and curated genes involved in processes important to their roles as disease vectors, including chemosensation, blood feeding, circadian rhythm, immunity, and detoxification, as well as mobile genetic elements. We also defined gene orthology and observed micro-synteny among the genomes. Finally, we present the genetic diversity and population structure of these species in their respective geographical areas. These genomes will be a foundation on which to base future efforts to prevent vector-borne transmission of Leishmania parasites

Removal Of Methylene Blue Dye From Aqueous Solutions By Adsorption Using Yellow Passion Fruit Peel As Adsorbent

The removal of color from aquatic systems caused by presence of synthetic dyes is extremely important from the environmental viewpoint because most of these dyes are toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. In this present study, the yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Degener) peel a powdered solid waste, was tested as an alternative low-cost adsorbent for the removal of a basic dye, methylene blue (MB), from aqueous solutions. Adsorption of MB onto this natural adsorbent was studied by batch adsorption isotherms at room temperature. The effects of shaking time and pH on adsorption capacity were studied. An alkaline pH was favorable for the adsorption of MB. The contact time required to obtain the maximum adsorption was 56 h at 25 °C. Yellow passion fruit peel may be used as an alternative adsorbent to remove MB from aqueous solutions. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.99831623165Al-Degs, Y., Khraished, M.A.M., Allen, S.J., Ahmad, M.N.A., Sorption behavior of cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solution on different types of activated carbons (2001) Sep. Sci. Technol., 36, pp. 91-102Annadurai, G., Juang, R.S., Lee, D.J., Use of cellulose based wastes for adsorption of dyes from aqueous solutions (2002) J. Hazard. Mater., B29, pp. 263-274Banat, I.M., Nigam, P., Singh, D., Marchant, R., Microbial decolourization of textile-dye containing effluents: A review (1996) Bioresour. Technol., 58, pp. 217-227Chaudhary, A.J., Ganguli, B., Grimes, S.M., The use of chromium waste sludge for the adsorption of colour from dye effluent streams (2002) J. Chem. Technol. Biotecnol., 77, pp. 767-770de Oliveira, L.F., Nascimento, M.R.F., Borges, S.V., do Nascimento Ribeiro, P.C., Ruback, V.R., Aproveitamento alternativo da casca do maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. Flavicarpa) para produção de doce em calda (2002) Cien. Technol. Aliment., 22 (3), p. 2Forgacs, E., Cserháti, T., Oros, G., Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: a review (2004) Environ. Int., 30, pp. 953-971Garg, V.K., Amita, M., Kumar, R., Gupta, R., Basic dye (methylene blue) removal from simulated wastewater by adsorption using Indian rosewood sawdust: a timber industry waste (2004) Dyes Pigments, 63, pp. 243-250Guo, Y.P., Yang, S.F., Fu, W.Y., Oi, J.R., Li, R.Z., Wang, Z.C., Xu, G.D., Adsorption of malachite green on micro- and mesoporous rice husk-based active carbon (2003) Dyes Pigments, 56, pp. 219-229Gupta, V.K., Mittal, A., Gajbe, V., Adsorption and desorption of a water soluble dye, quinoline yellow, using waste materials (2005) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 284, pp. 89-98Janos, P., Buchtová, H., Rýznarová, M., Sorption of dyes from aqueous solution onto fly ash (2003) Water Res., 37, pp. 4938-4944Kadirvelu, K., Kavipriya, M., Karthika, C., Radhika, M., Vennilamani, N., Pattabhi, S., Utilization of various agricultural wastes for activated carbon preparation and application for the removal of dyes and metal ions from aqueous solutions (2003) Bioresour. Technol., 87, pp. 129-132Kannan, N., Sundaram, M.M., Kinetics and mechanism of removal of methylene blue by adsorption on various carbons - a comparative study (2001) Dyes Pigments, 2001, pp. 25-40Lee, C.K., Low, K.S., Gan, P.Y., Removal of some organic dyes by acid treat spent bleaching earth (1999) Environ. Technol., 20, pp. 99-104Magdy, Y.H., Daifullah, A.A.M., Adsorption of basic dye from aqueous solution onto sugar-industry-mud in two modes of operations (1998) Waste Manage., 18, pp. 219-226Malik, P.K., Use of activated carbons prepared from sawdust and rice-husk for adsorption of acid dyes: a case study of Acid Yellow 36 (2003) Dyes Pigments, 56, pp. 239-249Namasivayam, C., Sumithra, S., Removal of direct red 12B and methylene blue from water by adsorption onto Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxide, an industrial solid waste (2005) J. Hazard. Mater., B92, pp. 263-274Namasivayam, C., Muniasamy, N., Gayathri, K., Rani, M., Ranganathan, K., Removal of dyes from aqueous solutions by cellulosic waste orange peel (1996) Bioresour. Technol., 57, pp. 37-43Namasivayam, C., Radhika, R., Suba, S., Uptake of dyes, a promising locally available agricultural solid waste coir pith (2001) Waste Manage., 21, pp. 381-387Rajeshwarisivaraj, S., Sivakumar, S., Senthilkumar, P., Subburam, V., Carbon from cassava peel, an agricultural waste, as an adsorbent in the removal of dyes and metal ions from aqueous solution (2001) Bioresour. Technol., 80, pp. 233-235Ramakrishna, K.R., Viraraghavan, T., Dye removal using low cost adsorbents (1997) Water Sci. Technol., 36, pp. 189-196Robinson, T., McMullan, B., Chandran, R., Nigam, P., Effect of pretreatments of three waste residues, wheat straw, corncobs and barley husks on dye adsorption (2002) Bioresour. Technol., 85, pp. 119-124Souza, M.M., Pereira, T.N.S., Viana, A.P., Pereira, M.G., do Amaral Jr., A.T., Madureira, H.C., Flower receptivity and fruit characteristics associated to time of pollination in the yellow passion fruit Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Degener (Passifloraceae) (2004) Sci. Hortic., 101, pp. 313-38

The Influence Of Na+ On The Anilinepropylsilica Xerogel Synthesis By Using The Flouride Nucleophilic Catalyst

Anilinepropylsilica xerogel was obtained by using an appropriate organosilane and tetraethyl orthosilicate as precursor reagents. The gelation was carried out using HF and NaF as catalysts. The presence of Na+ (when NaF was used) resulted in a decrease in the final organic content of the materials. This effect was interpreted as an inhibition of the organosilane polycondensation possibly due to the Na+ interaction with the SiO- groups of the hydrolyzed organosilane. The presence of Na+ also results in morphological changes in the xerogels.2812173177Levy, D., Esquivias, L., (1995) Adv. Mater., 7, p. 120Corriu, R.J.P., Leclercq, D., (1996) Angew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 35, p. 1420Loy, D.A., Shea, K.J., (1995) Chem. Rev., 95, p. 1431Schubert, U., Hüsing, N., Lorenz, A., (1995) Chem. Mater., 7, p. 2010Aznar, A.J., Sanz, J., Ruizhitzky, E., (1992) Colloid Polym. Sci., 270, p. 165Cerveau, G., Corriu, R.J.P., Fischmeister-Lepeytre, C., (1999) J. Mater. Chem., 9, p. 1149Pedroso, M.A.S., Dias, M.L., Azuma, C., Mothé, C.G., (2000) Colloid Polym. Sci., 278, p. 1180Ogasawara, T., Izawa, K., Hattori, N., Okabayashi, H., O'Connor, C.J., (2000) Colloid Polym. Sci., 278, p. 293Collinson, M.M., (1999) Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 29, p. 289Pavan, F.A., Franken, L., Moreira, C.A., Costa, T.M.H., Benvenutti, E.V., Gushikem, Y., (2001) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 241, p. 143Pavan, F.A., Hoffmann, H.S., Gushikem, Y., Costa, T.M.H., Benvenutti, E.V., (2002) Mater. Lett., , (in press)Feng, P., Xia, Y., Feng, J., Bu, X., Stucky, G.D., (1997) Chem. Commun., p. 949Bernards, T.N.M., Van Bommel, M.J., Jansen, J.A.J., (1998) J. Sol-Gel. Sci. Technol., 13, p. 749Wijnen, P.W.J.G., Beelen, T.P.M., Rummens, K.P.J., Saeijs, H.C.P.L., Haan, J.W., van de Ven, L.J.M., van Santen, R.A., (1991) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 145, p. 17Arriagada, F.J., Osseo-Asare, K., (1995) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 170, p. 8Guo, X., Ding, W., Wang, X., Yan, Q., (2001) Chem. Commun., p. 709Pavan, F.A., Gobbi, S.A., Costa, T.M.H., Benvenutti, E.V., (2002) J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 68, p. 199. , (2002)Prouzet, E., Pinnavaia, T.J., (1997) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 36, p. 516Pavan, F.A., Leal, S., Costa, T.M.H., Benvenutti, E.V., Gushikem, Y., (2002) J. Sol-Gel. Sci. Technol., 23, p. 129Foschiera, J.L., Pizzolato, T.M., Benvenutti, E.V., (2001) J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 12, p. 159Brunauer, S., Emmett, P.H., Teller, E., (1938) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, p. 309Sing, K.S.W., Everett, D.H., Haul, R.A.W., Moscou, L., Pierotti, R.A., Rouquérol, J., Siemieniewska, T., (1985) Pure Appl. Chem., 57, p. 603Barret, E.P., Joyner, L.G., Halenda, P.P., (1951) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 73, p. 373Nielsen, S.B., Masella, M., Kebarle, P., (1999) J. Phys. Chem. A., 103, p. 9891Tsurusawa, T., Iwata, S., (1999) J. Phys. Chem. A., 103, p. 6134Hoyau, S., Norrman, K., Ohanessian, G., (1999) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121, p. 8864Sonnefeld, J., (1996) Colloid Polym. Sci., 274, p. 1137Brinker, C.J., Scherer, G.W., (1990) Sol-gel Science, , Academic, Londo