Potato digger with latticed plowshares and oscillating rods

The process of digging potatoes is characterized by high energy costs due to the interaction of the potato digger's plowshares with the tuber-bearing soil layer. The study aims to substantiate the parameters of potato digger's lattice plowshare. In the proposed potato digger, the plowshare is made latticed and equipped with oscillating rods. This potato digger has a mechanism for transmitting torque to oscillating rods. The experiments were carried out using a special laboratory-field installation. Various lattice plowshares were manufactured, and single-factor experiments were carried out. During the experiments, the degree of damage and loss of the tuber and the traction resistance potato digger were taken as evaluation criteria. The results of experimental studies to determine the parameters of plowshare are presented. It is established that the optimal design scheme for a potato digger consists of torque transmission mechanisms, lattice plowshares, and forcibly oscillating rods. As a result, theoretical studies, analytical dependencies, and mathematical models were obtained to determine the parameters of a lattice plowshare. Studies have established that to destroy the tuber formation to the required extent with minimal damage and loss of tuber, as well as energy costs, the width lattice plowshare should be 55 cm, the angle plowshare installation relative to the horizon is 22°, the length plowshare is 38 cm, and the width gap between the bars is 3 cm

Prevalence of osteopenic syndrome and osteoporosis among residents of the older age group of Kyrgyzstan

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease. However, because it is asymptomatic, it cannot be diagnosed until a clinical event such as a fracture occurs. It is osteoporotic fractures, not osteoporosis itself, that lead to noticeable clinical and economic consequences.The aim. To study the frequency of osteopenia and osteoporosis in the older age group of the population of Kyrgyzstan using ultrasound bone densitometry.Materials and methods. A total of 1988 people were examined – 1105 women, 883 men. By age, the patients were divided into three age groups: 40–59, 60–74 and 75–90 years old. A portable ultrasonic bone densitometer SONOST-3000 (South Korea) was used to measure bone mineral density.Results. The prevalence of osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal bone mineral density in the first age group was 20.9 %, 40.0 % and 39.1 %; in the second group – 30.2 %, 38.9 % and 30.9 %, and in the third group – 39.9 %, 34.9 % and 25.2 %, respectively. The incidence of osteoporosis increased with age and was gender-dependent – more common in women (p < 0.05 and p < 0.041, respectively). The probability of developing osteoporosis was lower in patients with a higher body weight (p < 0.002). Smoking had a bad effect on bone density (p < 0.001), physical exercise, on the contrary, inhibited the development of osteoporosis (p < 0.001). The use of alcohol and tea had no effect on the development of osteoporosis in our study (p = 0.421, p = 0.387, respectively).Conclusions. The study of osteoporosis from an epidemiological point of view in Kyrgyz residents revealed a higher-than-expected incidence of osteoporosis according to densitometry. Further large-scale studies are needed throughout the country, which will help to understand the outcome of low bone mineral density in the population of Kyrgyz residents

Parameters of passive working bodies of potato digging machine

The major working housing of potato digging machines is a plowshare on which energy costs and the quality of potato digging depend. The examination aims to justify the parameters of the plowshare and the divider of the combined digging working body. The constructive scheme of a potato-digging machine with a combined digging working body, the results of theoretical studies on the substantiation of the primary parameters of the main and intermediate plowshares and the divider, are presented. A special laboratory installation was used to conduct experiments. During the experiments, dividers with different capture widths were made, and the angle of the plowshare installation to the horizon was changed. The degree of damage and loss of the tuber and the traction resistance of the plowshares were taken as evaluation criteria. The outcome of the experimental investigation to determine the parameters of the plowshare is presented. Based on theoretical studies, analytical dependencies, and mathematical models were obtained that allow determining the parameters of the plowshare and the divider of the potato digging machine. It was found that for intensive destruction of the tuberous formation with minimal energy consumption and uniform transportation, the width of the colter of the combined working housing must be 45 cm, the perspective of the plowshare razor solution 90°, the perspective of inclination of the plowshare to the skyline within 27-30°, the length of the plowshare 40 cm, the width of the divider should be 45 cm, its length 39 cm, the angle the solution is 60°, the angle of installation of the working surface to the horizon in the transversely vertical plane is 65° and the range from the toe of the intermediate plowshare to the divider is 32.6 cm

Трехъярусное внесение удобрений тукопроводом-распределителем глубокорыхлителя

The authors have shown that current methods of soil fertilizing for growing cotton crops in Uzbekistan do not ensure the full supply of nutrients to the root system of plants. Providing the required amount of fertilizers is distributed in tiers in the zone of root development, the ratio of their use and cotton yield will increase. (Research purpose) To determine the design parameters of a spreading funnel of a subsoil tiller for three-tiered fertilizer application. (Materials and methods) The paper provides a design of the developed spreading funnel for three-tier fertilizer application. A subsoil tiller is equipped with a spreading funnel, which consists of a cylindrical and inclined funnel-shaped part, a conductive channel and a lower distributor. Installed in the conductive channel are two branch pipes with reflective plates that cut through the supplied fertilizers and direct them to the corresponding soil horizon. (Results and discussion) The authors have studied the movement of mineral fertilizer granules along the conductive channel; experimentally analyzed the effect of the length of the protruding part of reflective plates of the nozzle and the inclination angle of the funnel spreading pipeline on the distribution of fertilizers and the unevenness of fertilizer supply to the upper, middle and lower tiers. They have also determined the parameters of an intake funnel of the vertical pipeline, branch pipes and movable plates of the upper and middle tiers, and a fertilizer spreader of the lower tier. (Conclusions) The authors have proved that the qualitative distribution of mineral fertilizers at predetermined application depths of the upper and middle tiers is ensured at a length of their nozzles of 260 and 240 millimeters and the protruding part of the reflective plates of the fertilizer channel of 26-30 millimeters and 33-37 millimeters, respectively. At the same time, 40-45 percent of fertilizers is distributed in the lower, i.e. the third tier. The authors have chosen optimal parameters of the lower spreading funnel: a groove inclination angle in the longitudinal-vertical plane of 17-19 degrees; a groove inclination angle in the transverse vertical plane of 29 degrees; a rear edge height of the groove in the middle part of 2.5 millimeters, and at the end – 0.5 millimeters.Показали, что применяемые способы внесения удобрений под хлопчатник в Узбекистане не обеспечивают в полной мере поступление питательных веществ в корневую систему растения. Если распределить удобрения в зоне развития корней ярусно и в нужном соотношении, то коэффициент их использования повышается, увеличивается урожайность хлопчатника. (Цель исследования) Обосновать конструктивные параметры тукопровода-распределителя глубокорыхлителя для трехъярусного внесения удобрений. (Материалы и методы) Представили конструкцию разработанного тукопровода-распределителя для трехъярусного внесения удобрений. Глубокорыхлитель снабдили тукопроводом-распределителем, который состоит из цилиндрической и наклонной воронкообразной части, тукопроводящего канала и нижнего распределителя туков. В тукопроводящем канале установили два патрубка с отражательными пластинами, которые рассекают движущиеся удобрения и направляют их в соответствующий горизонт почвы. (Результаты и обсуждение) Исследовали движение гранул минеральных удобрений по тукопроводящему каналу. Изучили влияние длины выступающей части отражательных пластин патрубков и угла наклона воронки тукопровода-распределителя на распределение удобрений и на неравномерность поступления удобрений в верхний, средний и нижний ярусы. Рассчитали параметры загрузной воронки вертикального тукопровода, патрубков и подвижных пластин верхнего и среднего ярусов, рассеивателя удобрений нижнего яруса. (Выводы) Доказали, что качественное распределение минеральных удобрений на заданных глубинах внесения верхнего и среднего ярусов обеспечивается при длине их патрубков 260 и 240 миллиметров и выступающей части отражательных пластин тукопроводящего канала 26-30 миллиметров и 33-37 миллиметров соответственно. При этом 40-45 процентов удобрений распределяется в нижний, то есть третий ярус. Выбрали рациональные параметры нижнего рассеивателя удобрений: угол наклона желобка в продольно-вертикальной плоскости – 17-19 градусов; угол наклона желобка в поперечно-вертикальной плоскости – 29 градусов; высота заднего обреза желобка в средней части – 2,5 миллиметра, в конце – 0,5 миллиметра

Age and gender aspects of the association of generalized obesity with development of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events (results of the prospective cohort study “Interepepid”)

Background. Currently, obesity has become one of the most important medical and social problems in the world due to its high prevalence. Numerous literature data indicate that high BMI is associated with increased mortality from cardiovascular diseases.The aim: to study the relationship between overweight and generalized obesity with the development of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events among residents of the Chui region of the Kyrgyz Republic, taking into account gender and age.Material and methods. This study was carried out as part of the international crosssectional epidemiological study “Interepid”. The total follow-up period was 7 years. Life status at the end of the follow-up period was monitored in 1096 respondents out of 1341 initial cohorts (response – 82.1 %). The endpoints were cases of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events. The frequency of events was assessed using methods of analysis of survival (Cox proportional hazard regression model, parametric survival models, survival by the Kaplan – Meier method).Results. A total of 181 cases of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events (16.44 %) were recorded during the follow-up. In persons with normal body weight, the incidence of cardiovascular complications was 10 %. In overweight individuals, the value of this indicator increased and reached 17.99 % (p˂ 0.001), and in individuals with obesity – 24.5 % (p˂ 0.0001). The increase in the frequency of events with the increase in body mass index did not depend on the gender of the respondents but was typical only for people under 60 years of age. For elderly patients, there was no relationship between BMI and the development of cardiovascular complications. In contrast, the relative risk had an insignificant tendency to decrease by 2.6 % for every 1 kg/m2 increase in body mass index (RR – 0.974; 95% CI: 0.924–1.025).Conclusion. The increase of body mass index above 25 kg/m2 is an independent risk factor for the development of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events in the analyzed cohort of the Chui region residents, regardless of gender, but only in persons under 60 years of age

THEORETICAL DETERMINATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE AIR FLOW AT THE OUTLET OF THE WORKING BODY OF THE UNIVERSAL MOUNTED SPRAYER PJG’-10

The article presents the technological scheme and operation of the universal Mounted sprayer PJG’-10, created by the authors. When the fan is working, the created air flow is directed through the casing window to the working body of the sprayer mounted on the casing. The aerodynamic state of the air flow when passing through the working body is studied. It is assumed that the air flow moves evenly, not discontinuous, not compressible according to the cross-sectional shape of the exit window, and on the basis of this equation for the air flow rate at the exit from the window of the casing, as well as at the inlet and outlet of the working body. Theoretically, the total and dynamic pressure, speed and performance of the air flow at the exit from the working body of the sprayer are determined. The obtained theoretical dependences of the loss of pressure of the air flow during movement through the working body are given

THEORETICAL DETERMINATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE AIR FLOW AT THE OUTLET OF THE WORKING BODY OF THE UNIVERSAL MOUNTED SPRAYER PJG’-10

The article presents the technological scheme and operation of the universal Mounted sprayer PJG’-10, created by the authors. When the fan is working, the created air flow is directed through the casing window to the working body of the sprayer mounted on the casing. The aerodynamic state of the air flow when passing through the working body is studied. It is assumed that the air flow moves evenly, not discontinuous, not compressible according to the cross-sectional shape of the exit window, and on the basis of this equation for the air flow rate at the exit from the window of the casing, as well as at the inlet and outlet of the working body. Theoretically, the total and dynamic pressure, speed and performance of the air flow at the exit from the working body of the sprayer are determined. The obtained theoretical dependences of the loss of pressure of the air flow during movement through the working body are given

Three-Tiered Fertilizer Application with a Spreading Funnel of a Subsoil Tiller

The authors have shown that current methods of soil fertilizing for growing cotton crops in Uzbekistan do not ensure the full supply of nutrients to the root system of plants. Providing the required amount of fertilizers is distributed in tiers in the zone of root development, the ratio of their use and cotton yield will increase. (Research purpose) To determine the design parameters of a spreading funnel of a subsoil tiller for three-tiered fertilizer application. (Materials and methods) The paper provides a design of the developed spreading funnel for three-tier fertilizer application. A subsoil tiller is equipped with a spreading funnel, which consists of a cylindrical and inclined funnel-shaped part, a conductive channel and a lower distributor. Installed in the conductive channel are two branch pipes with reflective plates that cut through the supplied fertilizers and direct them to the corresponding soil horizon. (Results and discussion) The authors have studied the movement of mineral fertilizer granules along the conductive channel; experimentally analyzed the effect of the length of the protruding part of reflective plates of the nozzle and the inclination angle of the funnel spreading pipeline on the distribution of fertilizers and the unevenness of fertilizer supply to the upper, middle and lower tiers. They have also determined the parameters of an intake funnel of the vertical pipeline, branch pipes and movable plates of the upper and middle tiers, and a fertilizer spreader of the lower tier. (Conclusions) The authors have proved that the qualitative distribution of mineral fertilizers at predetermined application depths of the upper and middle tiers is ensured at a length of their nozzles of 260 and 240 millimeters and the protruding part of the reflective plates of the fertilizer channel of 26-30 millimeters and 33-37 millimeters, respectively. At the same time, 40-45 percent of fertilizers is distributed in the lower, i.e. the third tier. The authors have chosen optimal parameters of the lower spreading funnel: a groove inclination angle in the longitudinal-vertical plane of 17-19 degrees; a groove inclination angle in the transverse vertical plane of 29 degrees; a rear edge height of the groove in the middle part of 2.5 millimeters, and at the end – 0.5 millimeters

Parameters of the soil-holding part of the slurry spreader

The aim of the study is the theoretical substantiation of the parameters of the soil-holding part of the slitter for manure incorporation into the soil. A slitter with soil-holding part to the tool for application of organic fertilizers was developed. The basic principles and methods of classical mechanics, mathematical analysis and statistics were used in this study. The analytical dependences for determining the parameters of the soil-holding part of the creeper were obtained. The length of the soil-holding part of the creeper depends on the speed of the machine, the angle of installation and the height of the jogger blade, the angle of the natural slope of the soil, the coefficient of friction of the soil and manure, and also their fall height. It is set that at an angle of friction of soil 23-37º, an angle of a natural slope of soil 30-41º and speed of unit movement 1,4 m/s, the length of a soil-holding part is equal 0,15-0,25 m

THE SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CdTe:Ag PHOTOELECTRICAL FILMS IN THE AREAS OWN AND IMPURITE ABSORPTION

The photovoltaic properties of thin (d≈1 μm) specially doped CdTe: Ag films are considered, in which the effects of anomalous photovoltage (APhV) and photoelectret state (PhES) without external polarizing field, which are formed only by natural light, are clearly seen. The experimental results of the study of the spectral dependences of the absorption coefficient, anomalous photoelectric and photoelectret voltages, and short-circuit current in these films are given