Pour une meilleure valorisation du sang d'abattoirs en Wallonie

peer reviewe

La valorisation du sang d'abattoirs en Belgique.

peer reviewedCet article comprend une analyse sommaire des possibilités de valorisation du sang recueilli dans les abattoirs d'animaux de boucherie. Après un bref exposé sur la législation belge en la matière et sur les techniques qui permettent un traitement du sang, les auteurs ont estimé les quantités produites au départ des abattoirs belges et qualifié le réseau de collecte en Wallonie

Effets de l’adoption de la technique du microdosage d’engrais sur la disponibilite et l’accessibilite cerealiere des exploitations agricoles a base de mil et de sorgho au Mali

Cette étude examine l’effet de l’adoption de la technique de microdosage d’engrais sur l’autosuffisance céréalière des exploitations agricoles à base de mil et de sorgho au Mali. Des données ont été collectées au cours de deux campagnes agricoles, à partir des enquêtes auprès de 108 exploitations agricoles. Les résultats montrent que l’application de la technique de microdosage par les producteurs sur les cultures de mil et de sorgho permet d’obtenir des rendements plus élevés comparativement à l’ancienne pratique des producteurs. Les résultats montrent aussi que l’adoption de la technique à grande échelle par les agriculteurs contribue l’amélioration de la sécurité alimentaire par la couverture des besoins céréaliers des exploitations agricoles. Des taux de couverture autonome et apparente des besoins céréaliers supérieurs ont été obtenus en moyenne pour les deux campagnes agricoles (2013-2014 et 2014-2015) avec les exploitations agricoles pratiquant le microdosage d’engrais sur le mil et le sorgho, comparés à celles en pratique paysanne.Mots- clés : microdosage d’engrais, effets, sécurité alimentaire, exploitations agricoles, mil, sorgho, Mal

Analysis of small-scale farmers’ exposure to environmental risks: Empirical evidence from rural Rwanda

Agriculture is a backbone of economy in Rwanda. Even if the sector faces environmental challenges, people still depend on it for subsistence and  income. Essentially, there is an urgent need of coping and mitigation strategies to shocks. We used the fifth integrated household living conditions  survey (EICV 5) cross-sectional data collected from October 2016 to October 2017 by the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR). The study  used a sample size of 3,081 rural farm households, descriptive statistics were computed to describe the main socioeconomic characteristics of the  smallscale farmers in rural Rwanda and the independent samples test was performed to compare means between exposed and non-exposed  farmers to environmental risks. Results revealed that some farmers have been exposed to environmental risks and even more affected by impact  born from shocks like destructive rains (60.2 per cent), mountain slides (22 per cent) and floods (4.8 per cent). Except for total household  consumption expenditures, no significant difference was observed between exposed and non-exposed farmers in terms of crop production, land  size, livestock and farm expenditures. Results from econometric analysis identified the age, livestock, farm output, land consolidation, land tenure  and farm expenses as the main factors affecting the farmers’ exposure to environmental risks. From these finding, farmers should be trained on  environmental risks, their effects, as well as the farming practices to cope with them.&nbsp

Evaluation du cout economique de l’eau d’irrigation dans la zone office du Niger au Mali

L’objet de cet article est d’évaluer le coût économique de l’eau d’irrigation dans la zone Office du Niger (ON) au Mali. Pour l’atteinte des objectifs, deux types de coût ont été estimés (coût financier et coût économique de l’eau d’irrigation. Les données de l’enquête ont été combinées avec la revue de la littérature de l’ON et surtout avec des articles pertinents relatifs au coût économique de l’eau  d’irrigation dans des périmètres irrigués analogues dans d’autres pays africains afin d’alimenter utilement notre analyse critique etdiscussion. Les résultats ont montré que le coût financier est 63 474 FCFA, soit 97 €1 en moyenne et le coût économique est 185 446 FCFA/ha, soit 283 €/ha en moyenne. L’évaluation du coût de l’efficience donne 6 FCFA/m3 soit 0,009 €/m3 qui est supposé très faible. La redevance de l’eau contribue en moyenne 10% à l’entretien de l’ensemble des réseaux hydrauliques. En conclusion, la redevance payée par les producteurs est un coût social qui ne prend pas en compte le coût des aménagements hydro agricoles. Sans l’intervention de l’Etat, la production rizicole dans ce système allait connaitre d’énormes problèmes de rentabilité. Mots-clés : Evaluation-Coût économique-Eau d’irrigation - Office du Niger -Mali.   English title: Evaluation of the economic cost of irrigation water in the office du Niger in Mali The purpose of this article is to assess the economic cost of irrigation water in the Office du Niger area in Mali.To achieve the objectives, two types of cost were estimated (financial cost and economic cost of irrigation water. The data were combined with the review of the Office du Niger literature and especially with relevant articles relating to the economic cost of irrigation water in similar irrigated areas in other African countries to usefully contribute our critical analysis and discussion.The results showed that the average financial cost is about 63,474 FCFA/ha or 97 €/ha and the average economic cost is about 185,446 FCFA/ha or 283 €/ha. The cost of efficiency assessment gives 6 FCFA / m3 or 0.009 € / m3 which is assumed to be very low. Water charges contribute on average of 10% to the maintenance of all hydraulic networks. And the operators’ contribution represents only 4%.In conclusion, the royalty paid by the producers is a social cost which does not take into account the cost of hydro agricultural development. Without state intervention, rice production in this system would experience enormous problems and tertiary hydraulic networks. Keywords : Evaluation-Economic cost- Irrigation water- Office of Niger- Mali

Minimally invasive osteotomy for distal radius malunion: A preliminary series of 9 cases

AbstractThe rate of malunion after distal radius fractures is 25% after conservative treatment and 10% after surgery. Their main functional repercussion related to ulno-carpal conflict is loss of wrist motion. We report a retrospective clinical series of minimally invasive osteotomies. The series consisted of 9 cases of minimally invasive osteotomies with volar locking plate fixation. All osteotomies healed. The average pain was 5.3/10 preoperatively and 2.1/10 at last follow-up. The mean Quick DASH was 55.4/100 preoperatively and 24.24/100 at last follow-up. Compared to the opposite side, the average wrist flexion was 84.11%, the average wrist extension was 80.24%, the average pronation was 95.33% and the average supination was 93.9%. With similar results to those of the literature, our short series confirms the feasibility of minimally invasive osteotomy of the distal radius for extra-articular malunion.TypeCase-series.Level of evidenceIV

Technique de lombriculture au Sud Vietnam

Vermicomposting technique in South Vietnam. Earthworms play a major role in organic matter transformation. The vermicomposting allows to combine several advantages: the management of diversified organic wastes, and the production of earthworms and vermicompost. Crop residues and other plant wastes mixed with animal manure from individual farms can be used. In South Vietnam, farmers are rearing some livestock and growing a few number of crop species. From several years, an increasing number of vermicomposting units were set in many farms from the Ho Chi Minh City region. Two kinds of infrastructure materials are used: baked clay blocks or bamboo stems with plastic covers. In South Vietnam, all conditions are pooled to ensure an efficient earthworm production: suitable climate, available organic wastes and materials to build the vermicomposting structures. Both field plot fertility and protein feed for livestock (pigs, poultry, etc.) can be provided by rearing earthworms

Valorisation of a water hyacinth in vermicomposting using an epigeic earthworm Perionyx excavatus in Central Vietnam

The feasibility of vermicomposting water hyacinth (WH) [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms] mixed with pig manure (PM) in different proportions was tested using tropical composting earthworm Perionyx excavatus. Earthworms grew and reproduced normally until the incorporation of 50% WH in initial substrate. Higher water hyacinth proportions induced earthworms' mortality and significantly affected the numbers of hatchlings and cocoons produced during vermicomposting period. The influence of the application of compost/vermicompost obtained from water hyacinth mixed with pig manure was also studied on seeds germination. Only water hyacinth substrate with 25% WH + 75% PM enhanced seeds germination for Oryza sp. and Nasturtium officinale. At the end of experiments, a significant decrease was observed in organic carbon content for each tested substrates (S1 to S8), in total nitrogen (N) for substrates containing 70% to 100% of water hyacinth (S5 to S3) and compost substrates (S1 and S2). An important decrease was also noted in total potassium for all vermicompost substrates (S3 to S8), in total magnesium for composted substrates (S1 and S2), and in C/N ratio for substrates containing 0% to 50% of water hyacinth (S8 to S6). Whereas total N in vermicompost containing 0% to 50% of water hyacinth (S8 to S6), total phosphorus, total potassium in composted substrates (S1 and S2), total magnesium in vermicompost substrates (S3 to S8) and C:N ratio in substrates containing 70% to 100% of water hyacinth (S5 to S3) expressed a significant increase after eight weeks. The result suggested that water hyacinth could be potentially useful as raw material in vermicomposting and biofertilizing if mixed with 75% of pig manure

DNA damage in B and T lymphocytes of farmers during one pesticide spraying season

Purpose The effect of one pesticide spraying seasonon DNA damage was measured on B and T lymphocytesamong open-field farmers and controls.Methods At least two peripheral blood samples were collectedfrom each individual: one in a period without anypesticide application, several weeks after the last use (January,at period P0), and another in the intensive pesticidespraying period (May or June, at period P4). DNA damagewas studied by alkaline comet assay on isolated B or Tlymphocytes.Results Longitudinal comparison of DNA damageobserved at both P0 and P4 periods revealed a statisticallysignificant genotoxic effect of the pesticide spraying seasonin both B (P = 0.02) and T lymphocytes (P = 0.02) in exposed farmers. In contrast, non-farmers did not showany significant modifications. DNA damage levels in Band T lymphocytes were significantly higher in farmersthan in non-farmers during the P4 period (P = 0.003 andP = 0.001 for B and T lymphocytes, respectively) but notduring the P0 period. The seasonal effect observed amongfarmers was not correlated with either total farm area, farmarea devoted to crops or recent solar exposure. On average,farmers used pesticides for 21 days between P0 and P4.Between the two time points studied, there was a tendencyfor a potential effect of the number of days of fungicidetreatments (r2 = 0.43; P = 0.11) on T lymphocyte DNAdamage.Conclusions A genotoxic effect was found in lymphocytesof farmers exposed to pesticides, suggesting in particularthe possible implication of fungicides

Searches at HERA for Squarks in R-Parity Violating Supersymmetry

A search for squarks in R-parity violating supersymmetry is performed in e^+p collisions at HERA at a centre of mass energy of 300 GeV, using H1 data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 37 pb^(-1). The direct production of single squarks of any generation in positron-quark fusion via a Yukawa coupling lambda' is considered, taking into account R-parity violating and conserving decays of the squarks. No significant deviation from the Standard Model expectation is found. The results are interpreted in terms of constraints within the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM), the constrained MSSM and the minimal Supergravity model, and their sensitivity to the model parameters is studied in detail. For a Yukawa coupling of electromagnetic strength, squark masses below 260 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level in a large part of the parameter space. For a 100 times smaller coupling strength masses up to 182 GeV are excluded.Comment: 32 pages, 14 figures, 3 table