cynara cardunculus and coffee grounds as promising biodiesel sources for internal combustion compression ignition engines

Abstract In this study, the effect of using two innovative biodiesels - derived respectively from coffee grounds and Cynara cardunculus - in blend with neat diesel fuel, on combustion and emissions in a compression ignition engine has been investigated. During tests, load and exhaust gas recirculation were varied and results compared with those obtained with neat diesel fuel and its blends with Brassica carinata or waste cooking oil derived biodiesels. Results show a reduction or a comparable NOx and CO emission levels using Cynara cardunculus and coffee ground compared to the other fuels tested, while PM and THC emissions are penalized. Fuel consumption, as expected, is slightly reduced. EGR reduces NOx levels, while CO, THC and PM are generally penalized

Morbidity and mortality from road injuries: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

BACKGROUND: The global burden of road injuries is known to follow complex geographical, temporal and demographic patterns. While health loss from road injuries is a major topic of global importance, there has been no recent comprehensive assessment that includes estimates for every age group, sex and country over recent years. METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study to report incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, deaths, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life years for all locations in the GBD 2017 hierarchy from 1990 to 2017 for road injuries. Second, we measured mortality-to-incidence ratios by location. Third, we assessed the distribution of the natures of injury (eg, traumatic brain injury) that result from each road injury. RESULTS: Globally, 1\u2009243\u2009068 (95% uncertainty interval 1\u2009191\u2009889 to 1 276 940) people died from road injuries in 2017 out of 54 192 330 (47 381 583 to 61 645 891) new cases of road injuries. Age-standardised incidence rates of road injuries increased between 1990 and 2017, while mortality rates decreased. Regionally, age-standardised mortality rates decreased in all but two regions, South Asia and Southern Latin America, where rates did not change significantly. Nine of 21 GBD regions experienced significant increases in age-standardised incidence rates, while 10 experienced significant decreases and two experienced no significant change. CONCLUSIONS: While road injury mortality has improved in recent decades, there are worsening rates of incidence and significant geographical heterogeneity. These findings indicate that more research is needed to better understand how road injuries can be prevented