Review and analysis of vehicle stability models during floods and proposal for future improvements

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Bocanegra, RA, Vallés-Morán, FJ, Francés, F. Review and analysis of vehicle stability models during floods and proposal for future improvements. J Flood Risk Management. 2020; 13 ( Suppl. 1):e12551, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12551. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] Flood water can affect vehicles significantly, which in turn can increase the negative effects of floods as vehicles are washed away by the flow and become a form of debris. In cities, most fatalities during floods occur inside vehicles. Consequently, it is necessary to establish thresholds for vehicle stability during this type of event to provide information necessary for flood risk management. This article analyses the available stability models developed over recent years to determine such thresholds. The stability models were grouped according to the way in which they approached car watertightness and the stability thresholds proposed by each of them were compared. It was found that these thresholds vary over a relatively wide range. Additionally, the experimental data were compared with the results provided by these studies leading to the conclusion that several of the stability models analysed do not fit measured data well. New research is required to overcome the simplifications made by the state-of-the-art models and to try to standardise the decision criteria which should be adopted to define stability thresholds for vehicles of different characteristics.Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion COLCIENCIAS (Colombia) call 728-2015; Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the research project TETISCHANGE, Grant/Award Number: RTI2018-093717-B-I00.Bocanegra, RA.; Vallés-Morán, FJ.; Francés, F. (2020). Review and analysis of vehicle stability models during floods and proposal for future improvements. Journal of Flood Risk Management. 13:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12551S11313Arrighi, C., Alcèrreca-Huerta, J. C., Oumeraci, H., & Castelli, F. (2015). Drag and lift contribution to the incipient motion of partly submerged flooded vehicles. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 57, 170-184. doi:10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2015.06.010Arrighi C. Castelli F. &Oumeraci H.(2016). Effects of flow orientation on the onset of motion of flooded vehicles. InProceedings of the 4th IAHR Europe Congress. Liege DOI:https://doi.org/10.1201/b21902-140.Arrighi, C., Huybrechts, N., Ouahsine, A., Chassé, P., Oumeraci, H., & Castelli, F. (2016). Vehicles instability criteria for flood risk assessment of a street network. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 373, 143-146. doi:10.5194/piahs-373-143-2016Bonham A. J. &Hattersley R. T.(1967).Low level causeways. WRL Report No. 100. University of New South Wales. Sydney Australia.Cox R. J. Shand T. D. &Blacka M. J.(2010). Appropriate safety criteria for people in floods.Australian Rainfall and Runoff. WRL Research Report 240. Report for Institution of Engineers Australia.DROBOT, S., BENIGHT, C., & GRUNTFEST, E. (2007). Risk factors for driving into flooded roads. Environmental Hazards, 7(3), 227-234. doi:10.1016/j.envhaz.2007.07.003FitzGerald, G., Du, W., Jamal, A., Clark, M., & Hou, X.-Y. (2010). Flood fatalities in contemporary Australia (1997-2008). Emergency Medicine Australasia, 22(2), 180-186. doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2010.01284.xGordon A. D. &Stone P. B.(1973).Car stability on road causeways. WRL Technical Report No. 73/12. University of New South Wales. Sydney Australia.Jonkman, S. N., & Kelman, I. (2005). An Analysis of the Causes and Circumstances of Flood Disaster Deaths. Disasters, 29(1), 75-97. doi:10.1111/j.0361-3666.2005.00275.xKellar, D. M. M., & Schmidlin, T. W. (2012). Vehicle-related flood deaths in the United States, 1995-2005. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 5(2), 153-163. doi:10.1111/j.1753-318x.2012.01136.xKeller R. J. &Mitsch B.(1993).Safety aspects of the design of roadways as floodways. Research Report No. 69 Urban Water Research Association of Australia.Kramer, M., Terheiden, K., & Wieprecht, S. (2016). Safety criteria for the trafficability of inundated roads in urban floodings. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 17, 77-84. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.04.003Martínez-Gomariz, E., Gómez, M., Russo, B., & Djordjević, S. (2016). Stability criteria for flooded vehicles: a state-of-the-art review. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 11, S817-S826. doi:10.1111/jfr3.12262Martínez-Gomariz, E., Gómez, M., Russo, B., & Djordjević, S. (2017). A new experiments-based methodology to define the stability threshold for any vehicle exposed to flooding. Urban Water Journal, 14(9), 930-939. doi:10.1080/1573062x.2017.1301501Mens M. J. Erlich M. Gaume E. Lumbroso D. Moreda Y. Van der VatM. &Versini P. A.(2008).Frameworks for flood event management. Report Number T19‐07‐03. WL Delft Hydraulics. Delft Netherlands.Moore, K. A., & Power, R. K. (2002). Safe Buffer Distances for Offstream Earth Dams. Australasian Journal of Water Resources, 6(1), 1-15. doi:10.1080/13241583.2002.11465206Oshikawa H. &Komatsu T.(2014). Study on the risk evaluation for a vehicular traffic in a flood situation.Proceedings of the 19th IAHR‐APD Congress Hanoi Vietnam.Pregnolato, M., Ford, A., Wilkinson, S. M., & Dawson, R. J. (2017). The impact of flooding on road transport: A depth-disruption function. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 55, 67-81. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2017.06.020Shand T. Cox R. Blacka M. &Smith G.(2011).Australian Rainfall and Runoff (AR&R). Appropriate safety criteria for vehicles. Australian rainfall and runoff revision project 10: Report Number: P10/S2/020. Sidney Australia.Shu, C., Xia, J., Falconer, R. A., & Lin, B. (2011). Incipient velocity for partially submerged vehicles in floodwaters. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 49(6), 709-717. doi:10.1080/00221686.2011.616318Smith G. P. Davey E. K. &Cox R. J.(2014).Flood hazard. WRL Technical Report 2014/07. University of New South Wales. Sydney Australia.Smith G. P. Modra B. D. Tucker T. A. &Cox R. J.(2017).Vehicle stability testing for flood flows. WRL Technical Report 2017/07. University of New South Wales. Sydney Australia.Suarez, P., Anderson, W., Mahal, V., & Lakshmanan, T. R. (2005). Impacts of flooding and climate change on urban transportation: A systemwide performance assessment of the Boston Metro Area. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 10(3), 231-244. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2005.04.007Teo, F. Y., Xia, J., Falconer, R. A., & Lin, B. (2012). Experimental studies on the interaction between vehicles and floodplain flows. International Journal of River Basin Management, 10(2), 149-160. doi:10.1080/15715124.2012.674040Versini, P.-A., Gaume, E., & Andrieu, H. (2010). Application of a distributed hydrological model to the design of a road inundation warning system for flash flood prone areas. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 10(4), 805-817. doi:10.5194/nhess-10-805-2010Versini, P.-A., Gaume, E., & Andrieu, H. (2010). Assessment of the susceptibility of roads to flooding based on geographical information – test in a flash flood prone area (the Gard region, France). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 10(4), 793-803. doi:10.5194/nhess-10-793-2010Xia, J., Falconer, R. A., Xiao, X., & Wang, Y. (2013). Criterion of vehicle stability in floodwaters based on theoretical and experimental studies. Natural Hazards, 70(2), 1619-1630. doi:10.1007/s11069-013-0889-2Xia, J., Teo, F. Y., Lin, B., & Falconer, R. A. (2010). Formula of incipient velocity for flooded vehicles. Natural Hazards, 58(1), 1-14. doi:10.1007/s11069-010-9639-

Design of jetbox for transition from pressurized flow to free surface using CFD modeling

[EN] The hydraulic analysis of dam stilling basins requires employing experimental models. Given that building a scaled spillway respecting similarity laws is not always possible, it is common practice to supply the device using a pressurized facility thanks to a jetbox or nozzle that makes the pressurized flow become free surface. Little attention is paid to this crucial device design, so this work proposes its design using a threedimensional CFD model with RANS RNG k-¿ for turbulence modeling. The minimum values of certain dimensions, such as stretch lengths or expansion/contraction coefficients, to avoid introducing excessive bias in the future experimental model are computed and the consequences of these parameters on results are reported and discussed.[ES] El análisis hidráulico de los cuencos de amortiguación de presas requiere el empleo de modelos experimentales. Dado que no siempre es posible construir un aliviadero a escala respetando las leyes de semejanza, es habitual alimentar el dispositivo mediante una instalación a presión gracias a un jetbox o tobera que haga pasar el flujo a presión a lámina libre. Poca atención se presta al diseño de este dispositivo crucial, por lo que el presente trabajo plantea su diseño mediante un modelo CFD tridimensional con modelo RANS RNG k-¿ para el tratamiento de la turbulencia. Los valores mínimos de determinadas dimensiones, como las longitudes de cada tramo o los coeficientes de expansión o contracción, para no introducir excesivo sesgo en el futuro modelo experimental son calculados y las repercusiones de estos parámetros en los resultados representados y analizados.Este trabajo ha sido desarrollado en el contexto del proyecto “LA AIREACION DEL FLUJO Y SU IMPLEMENTACION EN PROTOTIPO PARA LA MEJORA DE LA DISIPACION DE ENERGIA DE LA LAMINA VERTIENTE POR RESALTO HIDRAULICO EN DISTINTOS TIPOS DE PRESAS” (BIA2017-85412-C2-1R-AR), financiado por la Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España).Bayón, A.; Vallés-Morán, FJ. (2019). Diseño de jetbox para transición de flujo a presión a lámina libre con técnicas CFD. Revista Hidrolatinoamericana de Jóvenes Investigadores y Profesionales. 3:1-4. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/128115S14

Assessment of the Performance of a Modified USBR Type II Stilling Basin by a Validated CFD Model

[EN] The adaptation of existing dams is of paramount importance to face the challenge posed by climate change and new legal frameworks. Thus, it is crucial to optimize the design of stilling basins to reduce the hydraulic jump dimensions without jeopardizing the energy dissipation in the structure. A numerical model was developed to simulate a US Bureau of Reclamation Type II basin. The model was validated with a specifically designed physical model and then was used to simulate and test the performance of the basin after adding a second row of chute blocks. The results showed a reduction in the hydraulic jump dimensions in terms of the sequent depth ratio and the roller length, which were respectively 2.5% and 1.4% lower in the modified design. These results would allow an estimated increase of the discharge in the basin close to 10%. Furthermore, this new design had 1.2% higher efficiency. Consequently, the modifications proposed for the basin design suggest improved performance of the structure. The issue of the hydraulic jump length estimation also was discussed, and different approaches were introduced and compared. These methods follow a structured and systematic procedure and gave consistent results for the developed models.The authors acknowledge the collaboration of the Hydraulics Laboratory of the Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Environment from Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV) and their technicians Juan Carlos Edo and Joaquin Oliver in the construction of the experimental device used for the numerical model setup and validation. The work was supported by the research project "La aireacion del flujo y su implementacion en prototipo para la mejora de la disipacion de energia de la lamina vertiente por resalto hidraulico en distintos tipos de presas" (BIA2017-85412-C2-1-R), funded by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion and FEDER.Macián-Pérez, JF.; Vallés-Morán, FJ.; García-Bartual, R. (2021). Assessment of the Performance of a Modified USBR Type II Stilling Basin by a Validated CFD Model. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 147(11):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.00016231121471

Nuevos usos en el nuevo cauce del Turia compatibles con su defensa de valencia frente a inundaciones

[ES] Este trabajo analiza la posibilidad de implementar nuevos usos en el Nuevo Cauce (NC) del río Turia en Valencia. Concretamente, se trata de un uso ecológico (regeneración de hábitats; conectividad ecológica; y, mejora de la calidad del agua) y de un uso público, (generación de espacio público como elemento articulador que conecta y enlaza, y como elemento funcional que alberga usos específicos respondiendo a necesidades y derechos ciudadanos). La viabilidad de estos nuevos usos debe quedar supeditada al no compromiso de la misión fundamental del NC, la defensa de la ciudad de Valencia y sus poblaciones ribereñas frente a las inundaciones del Turia. Se trata, por tanto, de resolver un problema, el de la implementación de los nuevos usos, sujeto a restricciones (a priori) de tipo hidrológico-hidráulico. El análisis que se realiza, tras emitir el diagnóstico de la situación actual, demuestra la viabilidad de estos nuevos usos. Es decir, su implementación no compromete ni la capacidad ni el funcionamiento hidráulico del NC, ni los resguardos y estabilidad de los puentes sobre el mismo. Además, se pone de manifiesto la disponibilidad de recurso suficiente para el establecimiento del necesario caudal ecológico a partir de la reutilización de aguas depuradas en las EDAR próximas.Vallés-Morán, FJ.; Nacher Rodriguez, B. (2020). Nuevos usos en el nuevo cauce del Turia compatibles con su defensa de valencia frente a inundaciones. Universitat d Alacant. 759-772. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/178660S75977

Analysis of the Flow in a Typified USBR II Stilling Basin through a Numerical and Physical Modeling Approach

[EN] Adaptation of stilling basins to higher discharges than those considered for their design implies deep knowledge of the flow developed in these structures. To this end, the hydraulic jump occurring in a typified United States Bureau of Reclamation Type II (USBR II) stilling basin was analyzed using a numerical and experimental modeling approach. A reduced-scale physical model to conduct an experimental campaign was built and a numerical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was prepared to carry out the corresponding simulations. Both models were able to successfully reproduce the case study in terms of hydraulic jump shape, velocity profiles, and pressure distributions. The analysis revealed not only similarities to the flow in classical hydraulic jumps but also the influence of the energy dissipation devices existing in the stilling basin, all in good agreement with bibliographical information, despite some slight differences. Furthermore, the void fraction distribution was analyzed, showing satisfactory performance of the physical model, although the numerical approach presented some limitations to adequately represent the flow aeration mechanisms, which are discussed herein. Overall, the presented modeling approach can be considered as a useful tool to address the analysis of free surface flows occurring in stilling basins.This research was funded by 'Generalitat Valenciana predoctoral grants (Grant number [2015/7521])', in collaboration with the European Social Funds and by the research project: 'La aireacion del flujo y su implementacion en prototipo para la mejora de la disipacion de energia de la lamina vertiente por resalto hidraulico en distintos tipos de presas' (BIA2017-85412-C2-1-R), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy.Macián Pérez, JF.; García-Bartual, R.; Huber, B.; Bayón, A.; Vallés-Morán, FJ. (2020). Analysis of the Flow in a Typified USBR II Stilling Basin through a Numerical and Physical Modeling Approach. Water. 12(1):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010227S120121Bayon, A., Valero, D., García-Bartual, R., Vallés-Morán, F. ​José, & López-Jiménez, P. A. (2016). Performance assessment of OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D in the numerical modeling of a low Reynolds number hydraulic jump. Environmental Modelling & Software, 80, 322-335. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.02.018Chanson, H. (2008). Turbulent air–water flows in hydraulic structures: dynamic similarity and scale effects. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 9(2), 125-142. doi:10.1007/s10652-008-9078-3Heller, V. (2011). Scale effects in physical hydraulic engineering models. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 49(3), 293-306. doi:10.1080/00221686.2011.578914Chanson, H. (2013). Hydraulics of aerated flows:qui pro quo? Journal of Hydraulic Research, 51(3), 223-243. doi:10.1080/00221686.2013.795917Blocken, B., & Gualtieri, C. (2012). Ten iterative steps for model development and evaluation applied to Computational Fluid Dynamics for Environmental Fluid Mechanics. Environmental Modelling & Software, 33, 1-22. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.02.001Wang, H., & Chanson, H. (2015). Experimental Study of Turbulent Fluctuations in Hydraulic Jumps. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 141(7), 04015010. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001010Valero, D., Viti, N., & Gualtieri, C. (2018). Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Jumps. Part 1: Experimental Data for Modelling Performance Assessment. Water, 11(1), 36. doi:10.3390/w11010036Viti, N., Valero, D., & Gualtieri, C. (2018). Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Jumps. Part 2: Recent Results and Future Outlook. Water, 11(1), 28. doi:10.3390/w11010028Bayon-Barrachina, A., & Lopez-Jimenez, P. A. (2015). Numerical analysis of hydraulic jumps using OpenFOAM. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 17(4), 662-678. doi:10.2166/hydro.2015.041Teuber, K., Broecker, T., Bayón, A., Nützmann, G., & Hinkelmann, R. (2019). CFD-modelling of free surface flows in closed conduits. Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics, An International Journal, 19(6), 368. doi:10.1504/pcfd.2019.103266Chachereau, Y., & Chanson, H. (2011). Free-surface fluctuations and turbulence in hydraulic jumps. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 35(6), 896-909. doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2011.01.009Zhang, G., Wang, H., & Chanson, H. (2012). Turbulence and aeration in hydraulic jumps: free-surface fluctuation and integral turbulent scale measurements. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 13(2), 189-204. doi:10.1007/s10652-012-9254-3Mossa, M. (1999). On the oscillating characteristics of hydraulic jumps. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 37(4), 541-558. doi:10.1080/00221686.1999.9628267Chanson, H., & Brattberg, T. (2000). Experimental study of the air–water shear flow in a hydraulic jump. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 26(4), 583-607. doi:10.1016/s0301-9322(99)00016-6Murzyn, F., Mouaze, D., & Chaplin, J. R. (2005). Optical fibre probe measurements of bubbly flow in hydraulic jumps. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 31(1), 141-154. doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2004.09.004Gualtieri, C., & Chanson, H. (2007). Experimental analysis of Froude number effect on air entrainment in the hydraulic jump. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 7(3), 217-238. doi:10.1007/s10652-006-9016-1Chanson, H., & Gualtieri, C. (2008). Similitude and scale effects of air entrainment in hydraulic jumps. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 46(1), 35-44. doi:10.1080/00221686.2008.9521841Ho, D. K. H., & Riddette, K. M. (2010). Application of computational fluid dynamics to evaluate hydraulic performance of spillways in australia. Australian Journal of Civil Engineering, 6(1), 81-104. doi:10.1080/14488353.2010.11463946Dong, Wang, Vetsch, Boes, & Tan. (2019). Numerical Simulation of Air–Water Two-Phase Flow on Stepped Spillways Behind X-Shaped Flaring Gate Piers under Very High Unit Discharge. Water, 11(10), 1956. doi:10.3390/w11101956Toso, J. W., & Bowers, C. E. (1988). Extreme Pressures in Hydraulic‐Jump Stilling Basins. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 114(8), 829-843. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1988)114:8(829)Houichi, L., Ibrahim, G., & Achour, B. (2006). Experiments for the Discharge Capacity of the Siphon Spillway Having the Creager-Ofitserov Profile. International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research, 33(5), 395-406. doi:10.1615/interjfluidmechres.v33.i5.10Padulano, R., Fecarotta, O., Del Giudice, G., & Carravetta, A. (2017). Hydraulic Design of a USBR Type II Stilling Basin. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 143(5), 04017001. doi:10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0001150Hirt, C. ., & Nichols, B. . (1981). Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries. Journal of Computational Physics, 39(1), 201-225. doi:10.1016/0021-9991(81)90145-5Bombardelli, F. A., Meireles, I., & Matos, J. (2010). Laboratory measurements and multi-block numerical simulations of the mean flow and turbulence in the non-aerated skimming flow region of steep stepped spillways. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 11(3), 263-288. doi:10.1007/s10652-010-9188-6Pope, S. B. (2001). Turbulent Flows. Measurement Science and Technology, 12(11), 2020-2021. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/12/11/705Harlow, F. H. (1967). Turbulence Transport Equations. Physics of Fluids, 10(11), 2323. doi:10.1063/1.1762039Launder, B. E., & Sharma, B. I. (1974). Application of the energy-dissipation model of turbulence to the calculation of flow near a spinning disc. Letters in Heat and Mass Transfer, 1(2), 131-137. doi:10.1016/0094-4548(74)90150-7Yakhot, V., Orszag, S. A., Thangam, S., Gatski, T. B., & Speziale, C. G. (1992). Development of turbulence models for shear flows by a double expansion technique. Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics, 4(7), 1510-1520. doi:10.1063/1.858424Li, S., & Zhang, J. (2018). Numerical Investigation on the Hydraulic Properties of the Skimming Flow over Pooled Stepped Spillway. Water, 10(10), 1478. doi:10.3390/w10101478Zhang, W., Wang, J., Zhou, C., Dong, Z., & Zhou, Z. (2018). Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Characteristics in A Vortex Drop Shaft. Water, 10(10), 1393. doi:10.3390/w10101393Xiang, M., Cheung, S. C. P., Tu, J. Y., & Zhang, W. H. (2014). A multi-fluid modelling approach for the air entrainment and internal bubbly flow region in hydraulic jumps. Ocean Engineering, 91, 51-63. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2014.08.016Procedure for Estimation and Reporting of Uncertainty Due to Discretization in CFD Applications. (2008). Journal of Fluids Engineering, 130(7), 078001. doi:10.1115/1.2960953Cartellier, A., & Achard, J. L. (1991). Local phase detection probes in fluid/fluid two‐phase flows. Review of Scientific Instruments, 62(2), 279-303. doi:10.1063/1.1142117Cartellier, A., & Barrau, E. (1998). Monofiber optical probes for gas detection and gas velocity measurements: conical probes. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 24(8), 1265-1294. doi:10.1016/s0301-9322(98)00032-9Boyer, C., Duquenne, A.-M., & Wild, G. (2002). Measuring techniques in gas–liquid and gas–liquid–solid reactors. Chemical Engineering Science, 57(16), 3185-3215. doi:10.1016/s0009-2509(02)00193-8Hager, W. H., & Bremen, R. (1989). Classical hydraulic jump: sequent depths. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 27(5), 565-585. doi:10.1080/00221688909499111Hager, W. H., & Li, D. (1992). Sill-controlled energy dissipator. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 30(2), 165-181. doi:10.1080/00221689209498932Bakhmeteff, B. A., & Matzke, A. E. (1936). The Hydraulic Jump in Terms of Dynamic Similarity. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 101(1), 630-647. doi:10.1061/taceat.0004708Hager, W. H., Bremen, R., & Kawagoshi, N. (1990). Classical hydraulic jump: length of roller. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 28(5), 591-608. doi:10.1080/00221689009499048Bennett, N. D., Croke, B. F. W., Guariso, G., Guillaume, J. H. A., Hamilton, S. H., Jakeman, A. J., … Andreassian, V. (2013). Characterising performance of environmental models. Environmental Modelling & Software, 40, 1-20. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.09.011McCorquodale, J. A., & Khalifa, A. (1983). Internal Flow in Hydraulic Jumps. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 109(5), 684-701. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1983)109:5(684)Kirkgöz, M. S., & Ardiçlioğlu, M. (1997). Velocity Profiles of Developing and Developed Open Channel Flow. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 123(12), 1099-1105. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1997)123:12(1099

Characterization of Structural Properties in High Reynolds Hydraulic Jump Based on CFD and Physical Modeling Approaches

[EN] A classical hydraulic jump with Froude number (Fr1=6) and Reynolds number (Re1=210,000) was characterized using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D, whose performance was assessed. The results were compared with experimental data from a physical model designed for this purpose. The most relevant hydraulic jump characteristics were investigated, including hydraulic jump efficiency, roller length, free surface profile, distributions of velocity and pressure, and fluctuating variables. The model outcome was also compared with previous results from the literature. Both CFD codes were found to represent with high accuracy the hydraulic jump surface profile, roller length, efficiency, and sequent depths ratio, consistently with previous research. Some significant differences were found between both CFD codes regarding velocity distributions and pressure fluctuations, although in general the results agree well with experimental and bibliographical observations. This finding makes models with these characteristics suitable for engineering applications involving the design and optimization of energy dissipation devices.The research presented herein was possible thanks to the Generalitat Valenciana predoctoral grants [Ref. (2015/7521)], in collaboration with the European Social Funds and to the research project La aireacion del flujo y su implementacion en prototipo para la mejora de la disipacion de energia de la lamina vertiente por resalto hidraulico en distintos tipos de presas (BIA2017-85412-C2-1-R), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy.Macián Pérez, JF.; Bayón, A.; García-Bartual, R.; López Jiménez, PA.; Vallés-Morán, FJ. (2020). Characterization of Structural Properties in High Reynolds Hydraulic Jump Based on CFD and Physical Modeling Approaches. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 146(12):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001820S11314612Abdul Khader, M. H., & Elango, K. (1974). TURBULENT PRESSURE FIELD BENEATH A HYDRAULIC JUMP. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 12(4), 469-489. doi:10.1080/00221687409499725Bakhmeteff B. A. and A. E. Matzke. 1936. “The hydraulic jump in terms of dynamic similarity.” In Vol. 101 of Proc. American Society of Civil Engineers 630–647. Reston VA: ASCE.Bayon A. 2017. “Numerical analysis of air-water flows in hydraulic structures using computational fluid dynamics (CFD).” Ph.D. thesis Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering Universitat Politècnica de València.Bayon-Barrachina, A., & Lopez-Jimenez, P. A. (2015). Numerical analysis of hydraulic jumps using OpenFOAM. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 17(4), 662-678. doi:10.2166/hydro.2015.041Bayon A. J. F. Macián-Pérez F. J. Vallés-Morán and P. A. López-Jiménez. 2019. “Effect of RANS turbulence model in hydraulic jump CFD simulations.” In E-proc. 38th IAHR World Congress. Panama City Panama: Spanish Ministry of Economy.Bayon, A., Toro, J. P., Bombardelli, F. A., Matos, J., & López-Jiménez, P. A. (2018). Influence of VOF technique, turbulence model and discretization scheme on the numerical simulation of the non-aerated, skimming flow in stepped spillways. Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 19, 137-149. doi:10.1016/j.jher.2017.10.002Bayon, A., Valero, D., García-Bartual, R., Vallés-Morán, F. ​José, & López-Jiménez, P. A. (2016). Performance assessment of OpenFOAM and FLOW-3D in the numerical modeling of a low Reynolds number hydraulic jump. Environmental Modelling & Software, 80, 322-335. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.02.018Bennett, N. D., Croke, B. F. W., Guariso, G., Guillaume, J. H. A., Hamilton, S. H., Jakeman, A. J., … Andreassian, V. (2013). Characterising performance of environmental models. Environmental Modelling & Software, 40, 1-20. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.09.011Biswas, R., & Strawn, R. C. (1998). Tetrahedral and hexahedral mesh adaptation for CFD problems. Applied Numerical Mathematics, 26(1-2), 135-151. doi:10.1016/s0168-9274(97)00092-5Blocken, B., & Gualtieri, C. (2012). Ten iterative steps for model development and evaluation applied to Computational Fluid Dynamics for Environmental Fluid Mechanics. Environmental Modelling & Software, 33, 1-22. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.02.001Bombardelli, F. A., Meireles, I., & Matos, J. (2010). Laboratory measurements and multi-block numerical simulations of the mean flow and turbulence in the non-aerated skimming flow region of steep stepped spillways. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 11(3), 263-288. doi:10.1007/s10652-010-9188-6Bradshaw, P. (1997). Understanding and prediction of turbulent flow—1996. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 18(1), 45-54. doi:10.1016/s0142-727x(96)00134-8Caishui, H. (2012). Three-dimensional Numerical Analysis of Flow Pattern in Pressure Forebay of Hydropower Station. Procedia Engineering, 28, 128-135. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.694Castillo L. G. J. M. Carrillo J. T. García and A. Vigueras-Rodríguez. 2014. “Numerical simulations and laboratory measurements in hydraulic jumps.” In Proc. 11th Int. Conf. of Hydroinformatics. New York: Spanish Ministry of Economy.Castro-Orgaz, O., & Hager, W. H. (2009). Classical hydraulic jump: basic flow features. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 47(6), 744-754. doi:10.3826/jhr.2009.3610Procedure for Estimation and Reporting of Uncertainty Due to Discretization in CFD Applications. (2008). Journal of Fluids Engineering, 130(7), 078001. doi:10.1115/1.2960953Chachereau, Y., & Chanson, H. (2011). Free-surface fluctuations and turbulence in hydraulic jumps. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 35(6), 896-909. doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2011.01.009Chanson, H. (2006). Bubble entrainment, spray and splashing at hydraulic jumps. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A, 7(8), 1396-1405. doi:10.1631/jzus.2006.a1396Chanson, H. (2009). Current knowledge in hydraulic jumps and related phenomena. A survey of experimental results. European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids, 28(2), 191-210. doi:10.1016/j.euromechflu.2008.06.004Chanson, H. (2013). Hydraulics of aerated flows:qui pro quo? Journal of Hydraulic Research, 51(3), 223-243. doi:10.1080/00221686.2013.795917Chanson, H., & Brattberg, T. (2000). Experimental study of the air–water shear flow in a hydraulic jump. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 26(4), 583-607. doi:10.1016/s0301-9322(99)00016-6Chanson, H., & Gualtieri, C. (2008). Similitude and scale effects of air entrainment in hydraulic jumps. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 46(1), 35-44. doi:10.1080/00221686.2008.9521841Chanson, H., & Montes, J. S. (1995). Characteristics of Undular Hydraulic Jumps: Experimental Apparatus and Flow Patterns. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 121(2), 129-144. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1995)121:2(129)Cheng, C.-K., Tai, Y.-C., & Jin, Y.-C. (2017). Particle Image Velocity Measurement and Mesh-Free Method Modeling Study of Forced Hydraulic Jumps. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 143(9), 04017028. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001325Dong, Wang, Vetsch, Boes, & Tan. (2019). Numerical Simulation of Air–Water Two-Phase Flow on Stepped Spillways Behind X-Shaped Flaring Gate Piers under Very High Unit Discharge. Water, 11(10), 1956. doi:10.3390/w11101956Fuentes-Pérez, J. F., Silva, A. T., Tuhtan, J. A., García-Vega, A., Carbonell-Baeza, R., Musall, M., & Kruusmaa, M. (2018). 3D modelling of non-uniform and turbulent flow in vertical slot fishways. Environmental Modelling & Software, 99, 156-169. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.09.011Gualtieri, C., & Chanson, H. (2007). Experimental analysis of Froude number effect on air entrainment in the hydraulic jump. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 7(3), 217-238. doi:10.1007/s10652-006-9016-1Hager, W. H. (1992). Energy Dissipators and Hydraulic Jump. Water Science and Technology Library. doi:10.1007/978-94-015-8048-9Hager, W. H., & Bremen, R. (1989). Classical hydraulic jump: sequent depths. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 27(5), 565-585. doi:10.1080/00221688909499111Hager, W. H., Bremen, R., & Kawagoshi, N. (1990). Classical hydraulic jump: length of roller. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 28(5), 591-608. doi:10.1080/00221689009499048Heller, V. (2011). Scale effects in physical hydraulic engineering models. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 49(3), 293-306. doi:10.1080/00221686.2011.578914Hirt, C. ., & Nichols, B. . (1981). Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries. Journal of Computational Physics, 39(1), 201-225. doi:10.1016/0021-9991(81)90145-5Ho, D. K. H., & Riddette, K. M. (2010). Application of computational fluid dynamics to evaluate hydraulic performance of spillways in australia. Australian Journal of Civil Engineering, 6(1), 81-104. doi:10.1080/14488353.2010.11463946Jesudhas, V., Balachandar, R., Roussinova, V., & Barron, R. (2018). Turbulence Characteristics of Classical Hydraulic Jump Using DES. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 144(6), 04018022. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001427Jesudhas, V., Roussinova, V., Balachandar, R., & Barron, R. (2017). Submerged Hydraulic Jump Study Using DES. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 143(3), 04016091. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001231KIM, J. (2004). A numerical study of the effects of ambient wind direction on flow and dispersion in urban street canyons using the RNG k?? turbulence model. Atmospheric Environment, 38(19), 3039-3048. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.047Kim, S.-E., & Boysan, F. (1999). Application of CFD to environmental flows. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 81(1-3), 145-158. doi:10.1016/s0167-6105(99)00013-6Kirkgöz, M. S., & Ardiçlioğlu, M. (1997). Velocity Profiles of Developing and Developed Open Channel Flow. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 123(12), 1099-1105. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1997)123:12(1099)Langhi, M., & Hosoda, T. (2018). Three-dimensional unsteady RANS model for hydraulic jumps. ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1-8. doi:10.1080/09715010.2018.1555775Liu, M., Rajaratnam, N., & Zhu, D. Z. (2004). Turbulence Structure of Hydraulic Jumps of Low Froude Numbers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 130(6), 511-520. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2004)130:6(511)Liu, T., Song, L., Fu, W., Wang, G., Lin, Q., Zhao, D., & Yi, B. (2018). Experimental Study on Single-Hole Injection of Kerosene into Pressurized Quiescent Environments. Journal of Energy Engineering, 144(3), 04018014. doi:10.1061/(asce)ey.1943-7897.0000536Ma, J., Oberai, A. A., Lahey, R. T., & Drew, D. A. (2011). Modeling air entrainment and transport in a hydraulic jump using two-fluid RANS and DES turbulence models. Heat and Mass Transfer, 47(8), 911-919. doi:10.1007/s00231-011-0867-8McCorquodale, J. A., & Khalifa, A. (1983). Internal Flow in Hydraulic Jumps. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 109(5), 684-701. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1983)109:5(684)McDonald P. W. 1971. “The computation of transonic flow through two-dimensional gas turbine cascades.” In Proc. ASME 1971 Int. Gas Turbine Conf. and Products Show. Houston: International Gas Turbine Institute.Mossa, M. (1999). On the oscillating characteristics of hydraulic jumps. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 37(4), 541-558. doi:10.1080/00221686.1999.9628267Padulano, R., Fecarotta, O., Del Giudice, G., & Carravetta, A. (2017). Hydraulic Design of a USBR Type II Stilling Basin. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 143(5), 04017001. doi:10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0001150Resch, F. J., & Leutheusser, H. J. (1972). Le ressaut hydraulique : mesures de turbulence dans la région diphasique. La Houille Blanche, 58(4), 279-293. doi:10.1051/lhb/1972021Sarfaraz M. and J. Attari. 2011. “Numerical simulation of uniform flow region over a steeply sloping stepped spillway.” In Proc. 6th National Congress on Civil Engineering. Semnan Iran: Iran Water and Power Development Company.Spalart, P. . (2000). Strategies for turbulence modelling and simulations. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 21(3), 252-263. doi:10.1016/s0142-727x(00)00007-2Speziale, C. G., & Thangam, S. (1992). Analysis of an RNG based turbulence model for separated flows. International Journal of Engineering Science, 30(10), 1379-IN4. doi:10.1016/0020-7225(92)90148-aSpoljaric A. 1984. “Dynamic characteristics of the load on the bottom plate under hydraulic jump.” In Proc. Int. Conf. Hydrosoft’84: Hydraulic Engineering Software. New York: Elsevier.Teuber, K., Broecker, T., Bayón, A., Nützmann, G., & Hinkelmann, R. (2019). CFD-modelling of free surface flows in closed conduits. Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics, An International Journal, 19(6), 368. doi:10.1504/pcfd.2019.103266Toso, J. W., & Bowers, C. E. (1988). Extreme Pressures in Hydraulic‐Jump Stilling Basins. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 114(8), 829-843. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1988)114:8(829)Valero D. and D. B. Bung. 2015. “Hybrid investigations of air transport processes in moderately sloped stepped spillway flows.” In Vol. 28 of E-proc. 36th IAHR World Congress 1–10. The Hague Netherlands: IHE Delft.Valero, D., & Bung, D. B. (2016). Sensitivity of turbulent Schmidt number and turbulence model to simulations of jets in crossflow. Environmental Modelling & Software, 82, 218-228. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.04.030Valero, D., Viti, N., & Gualtieri, C. (2018). Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Jumps. Part 1: Experimental Data for Modelling Performance Assessment. Water, 11(1), 36. doi:10.3390/w11010036Viti, N., Valero, D., & Gualtieri, C. (2018). Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Jumps. Part 2: Recent Results and Future Outlook. Water, 11(1), 28. doi:10.3390/w11010028von Kármán T. 1930. “Mechanische Ähnlichkeit und Turbulenz.” In Proc. 3rd Int. Congress on Applied Mechanics. New York: Springer.Wang H. 2014. “Turbulence and air entrainment in hydraulic jumps.” Ph.D. thesis Dept. of Civil Engineering Univ. of Queensland.Wang, H., & Chanson, H. (2013). Air entrainment and turbulent fluctuations in hydraulic jumps. Urban Water Journal, 12(6), 502-518. doi:10.1080/1573062x.2013.847464Wang, H., & Chanson, H. (2015). Experimental Study of Turbulent Fluctuations in Hydraulic Jumps. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 141(7), 04015010. doi:10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001010Weller, H. G., Tabor, G., Jasak, H., & Fureby, C. (1998). A tensorial approach to computational continuum mechanics using object-oriented techniques. Computers in Physics, 12(6), 620. doi:10.1063/1.168744Witt, A., Gulliver, J., & Shen, L. (2015). Simulating air entrainment and vortex dynamics in a hydraulic jump. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 72, 165-180. doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2015.02.012Wu, J., Zhou, Y., & Ma, F. (2018). Air entrainment of hydraulic jump aeration basin. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 30(5), 962-965. doi:10.1007/s42241-018-0088-4Xiang, M., Cheung, S. C. P., Tu, J. Y., & Zhang, W. H. (2014). A multi-fluid modelling approach for the air entrainment and internal bubbly flow region in hydraulic jumps. Ocean Engineering, 91, 51-63. doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2014.08.016Yakhot, V., Orszag, S. A., Thangam, S., Gatski, T. B., & Speziale, C. G. (1992). Development of turbulence models for shear flows by a double expansion technique. Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics, 4(7), 1510-1520. doi:10.1063/1.858424Zhang, G., Wang, H., & Chanson, H. (2012). Turbulence and aeration in hydraulic jumps: free-surface fluctuation and integral turbulent scale measurements. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 13(2), 189-204. doi:10.1007/s10652-012-9254-

Design of hydraulic installations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

[ES] La cuantificación de pérdidas de carga causadas por elementos singulares en instalaciones hidráulicas no puede realizarse determinísticamente, por lo que debe llevarse a cabo su ensayo en laboratorio. No obstante, para el diseño del banco de ensayos es necesario estimar dichas pérdidas. En el presente trabajo, se plantea un método iterativo apoyado en un modelo de dinámica de fluidos computacional (CFD). En concreto, se emplea el caso de una instalación para un tubo Venturi y la plataforma de código abierto OpenFOAM con cierre de turbulencia Standard k-ε, obteniéndose así una instalación correctamente dimensionada para el análisis del rango de caudales deseado.[EN] The quantification of energy losses caused by singularities in hydraulic facilities cannot be deterministically conducted. To do so, laboratory tests must be performed. However, in order to design the necessary test benches, the losses to assess must be estimated. In the work presented herein, an iterative method supported by a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is presented. In particular, the case of facility for a Venturi tube is employed, along with the open-source code OpenFOAM, using the RNG k-¿ turbulence closure. As a result, a well-designed facility capable of supplying the desired range of flowrates is obtainedEsta investigación ha sido posible en el marco del proyecto HIDRASENSE (Plan Estatal de I+D+i MINECO, Convocatoria Retos-Colaboración 2014).Bayón, A.; Vallés-Morán, FJ.; Macián Pérez, JF.; López Jiménez, PA. (2017). Diseño de instalaciones hidráulicas experimentales con apoyo de la dinámica de fluidos computacional (CFD). Revista Hidrolatinoamericana de Jóvenes Investigadores y Profesionales. (1):23-26. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/112710S2326

SuDS efficiency during the start-up period under Mediterranean climatic conditions

[EN] This paper presents the performance of a number of sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) in the city of Xàtiva in the Valencia Region of Spain relatively soon after their construction. The systems studied comprise two roadside swales, one detention basin receiving runoff from one of the swales and one green roof to a school. The SuDS were installed under an EU LIFEþ project intended to demonstrate their practicability, application, and behavior under Mediterranean rainfall conditions. Most of the systems installed were in new developments but the green roof was retrofitted to a school within Xàtiva, which is a dense urban area. Full flow monitoring was undertaken and spot samples were taken to give a preliminary assessment of water quality performance. The early results presented in the paper demonstrate the effectiveness of the systems under typical Mediterranean conditions, which comprise intense rainfall from September to December and little or no precipitation at other times of the year. It is concluded that SuDS can be effectively introduced in the Mediterranean region of Spain.The research described in this paper has been carried out under the Life+ program research project "AQUAVAL Sustainable Urban Water Management Plans, promoting SUDS and considering climate change, in the province of Valencia" (Life08ENV/E/000099), supported by ERDF funding of the European Union.Perales Momparler, S.; Hernández Crespo, C.; Vallés Morán, FJ.; Martín Monerris, M.; Andrés Doménech, I.; Andreu Álvarez, J.; Jefferies, C. (2014). SuDS efficiency during the start-up period under Mediterranean climatic conditions. CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water. 42(2):178-186. doi:10.1002/clen.201300164S178186422Boletin Oficial del Estado 2012Czemiel Berndtsson, J. (2010). Green roof performance towards management of runoff water quantity and quality: A review. Ecological Engineering, 36(4), 351-360. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.12.014Davis, A. P., Stagge, J. H., Jamil, E., & Kim, H. (2012). Hydraulic performance of grass swales for managing highway runoff. Water Research, 46(20), 6775-6786. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.017Casal-Campos, A., Jefferies, C., & Perales Momparler, S. (2012). Selecting SUDS in the Valencia Region of Spain. Water Practice and Technology, 7(1). doi:10.2166/wpt.2012.001Gomez-Ullate, E., Castillo-Lopez, E., Castro-Fresno, D., & Bayon, J. R. (2010). Analysis and Contrast of Different Pervious Pavements for Management of Storm-Water in a Parking Area in Northern Spain. Water Resources Management, 25(6), 1525-1535. doi:10.1007/s11269-010-9758-xCastro-Fresno, D., Andrés-Valeri, V., Sañudo-Fontaneda, L., & Rodriguez-Hernandez, J. (2013). Sustainable Drainage Practices in Spain, Specially Focused on Pervious Pavements. Water, 5(1), 67-93. doi:10.3390/w5010067Rowe, D. B. (2011). Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement. Environmental Pollution, 159(8-9), 2100-2110. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.029Deletic, A. (2001). Modelling of water and sediment transport over grassed areas. Journal of Hydrology, 248(1-4), 168-182. doi:10.1016/s0022-1694(01)00403-6Stagge, J. H., Davis, A. P., Jamil, E., & Kim, H. (2012). Performance of grass swales for improving water quality from highway runoff. Water Research, 46(20), 6731-6742. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.02.037Kim, L.-H., Zoh, K.-D., Jeong, S., Kayhanian, M., & Stenstrom, M. K. (2006). Estimating Pollutant Mass Accumulation on Highways during Dry Periods. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 132(9), 985-993. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2006)132:9(985)Brodie, I. M., & Dunn, P. K. (2010). Commonality of rainfall variables influencing suspended solids concentrations in storm runoff from three different urban impervious surfaces. Journal of Hydrology, 387(3-4), 202-211. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.04.008Zuo, X., Fu, D., Li, H., & Singh, R. P. (2011). Distribution Characteristics of Pollutants and Their Mutual Influence in Highway Runoff. CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water, 39(10), 956-963. doi:10.1002/clen.201000422Sansalone, J. J., Koran, J. M., Smithson, J. A., & Buchberger, S. G. (1998). Physical Characteristics of Urban Roadway Solids Transported during Rain Events. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 124(5), 427-440. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1998)124:5(427)Sansalone, J. J., & Cristina, C. M. (2004). First Flush Concepts for Suspended and Dissolved Solids in Small Impervious Watersheds. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 130(11), 1301-1314. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2004)130:11(1301)BERNDTSSON, J., EMILSSON, T., & BENGTSSON, L. (2006). The influence of extensive vegetated roofs on runoff water quality. Science of The Total Environment, 355(1-3), 48-63. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.02.035Vijayaraghavan, K., Joshi, U. M., & Balasubramanian, R. (2012). A field study to evaluate runoff quality from green roofs. Water Research, 46(4), 1337-1345. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.05

The role of monitoring sustainable drainage systems for promoting transition towards regenerative urban built environments: a case study in the Valencian region, Spain

[EN] Sustainable drainage systems are an alternative and holistic approach to conventional urban stormwater management that use and enhance natural processes to mimic pre-development hydrology, adding a number of well-recognized, although not so often quantified benefits. However, transitions towards regenerative urban built environments that widely incorporate sustainable drainage systems are "per se" innovative journeys that encounter barriers which include the limited evidence on the performance of these systems which, in many countries, are still unknown to professionals and decision makers. A further important barrier is the frequently poor interaction among stakeholders; key items such as sustainable drainage systems provide collective benefits which also demand collective efforts. With the aim of overcoming such innovation-driven barriers, six showcase projects (including rain gardens acting as infiltration basins, swales and a green roof) to demonstrate the feasibility and suitability of sustainable drainage systems were developed and/or retrofitted in two cities of the Valencian region of Spain as a part of an European project, and their performance was monitored for a year. The data acquired, after being fully analyzed and presented to a group of key regional stakeholders, is proving to be a valuable promoter of the desired transition (for instance in influencing the support to SuDS in recent regional legislation). This paper presents detailed data on how these urban ecological drainage infrastructure elements reduce runoff (peak flows and volumes) and improve its quality, contributing to the goal of healthier and livable cities. The data show that the pilots have good hydraulic performance under a typical Mediterranean climate and also provided water quality benefits. Furthermore, it shows how engagement can contribute to smarter governance in the sense of smoothing the difficulties faced by innovation when being presented, understood, and endorsed by professionals and decision-makers in the field of stormwater management. Finally, activities undertaken in the demonstration sites monitored, show how they have been drivers of innovation and transition towards a new stormwater paradigm in Spain, serving as a reference to other urban areas in the Mediterranean. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This research has been conducted as part of the Life+ program project "AQUAVAL: Sustainable Urban Water Management Plans, promoting SUDS and considering climate change, in the province of Valencia" (Life08ENV/E/000099) and the MED program project "E2STORMED: Improvement of energy efficiency in the water cycle by the use of innovative stormwater management in smart Mediterranean cities" (1C-MED12-14), both supported by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) funding of the European Union.Momparler Perales, S.; Andrés Doménech, I.; Hernández Crespo, C.; Vallés-Morán, FJ.; Martín Monerris, M.; Escuder Bueno, I.; Andreu Álvarez, J. (2017). The role of monitoring sustainable drainage systems for promoting transition towards regenerative urban built environments: a case study in the Valencian region, Spain. Journal of Cleaner Production. 163:113-124. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.153S11312416

Hydrogeomorphological analysis and modelling for a comprehensive understanding of flash-flood damage processes: the 9 October 2018 event in northeastern Mallorca

[EN] A flash-flood event hit the northeastern part of Mallorca on 9 October 2018, causing 13 casualties. Mal- lorca is prone to catastrophic flash floods acting on a sce- nario of deep landscape transformation caused by Mediter- ranean tourist resorts. As global change may exacerbate dev- astating flash floods, analyses of catastrophic events are cru- cial to support effective prevention and mitigation measures. Field-based remote-sensing and modelling techniques were used in this study to evaluate rainfall¿runoff processes at the catchment scale linked to hydrological modelling. Continu- ous streamflow monitoring data revealed a peak discharge of 442 m³ s¿¹ with an unprecedented runoff response. This ex- ceptional behaviour triggered the natural disaster as a com- bination of heavy rainfall (249 mm in 10 h), karstic features and land cover disturbances in the Begura de Salma River catchment (23 km²). Topography-based connectivity indices and geomorphic change detection were used as rapid post- catastrophe decision-making tools, playing a key role dur- ing the rescue search. These hydrogeomorphological preci- sion techniques were combined with the Copernicus Emer- gency Management Service and ¿ground-based¿ damage as- sessment, which showed very accurately the damage-driving factors in the village of Sant Llorenç des Cardassar. The main challenges in the future are to readapt hydrological modelling to global change scenarios, implement an early flash-flood warning system and take adaptive and resilient measures on the catchment scale.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, the Spanish Agency of Research (AEI) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the project CGL2017-88200-R "Functional hydrological and sediment connectivity at Mediterranean catchments: global change scenarios -MEDhyCON2".Estrany, J.; Ruiz-Perez, M.; Mutzner, R.; Fortesa, J.; Nacher Rodriguez, B.; Tomas-Burguera, M.; Garcia-Comendador, J.... (2020). Hydrogeomorphological analysis and modelling for a comprehensive understanding of flash-flood damage processes: the 9 October 2018 event in northeastern Mallorca. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 20(8):2195-2220. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2195-2020S21952220208Adamovic, M., Branger, F., Braud, I., and Kralisch, S.: Development of a data-driven semi-distributed hydrological model for regional scale catchments prone to Mediterranean flash floods, J. Hydrol., 541, 173–189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.032, 2016.Agisoft Lens: Agisoft PhotoScan User Manual. Professional Edition, Version 1.4, available at: https://www.agisoft.com/pdf/photoscan-pro_1_4_en.pdf (last access: 12 September 2019), 2018.Ajuntament de Sant Llorenç des Cardassar: Minutes of the Plenary Session of Sant Llorenç des Cardassar City Council, Sant Llorenç des Cardassar, available at: https://ovac.santllorenc.es/absis/idi/arx/idiarxabsaweb/catala/asp/dlgVisor.asp?codigoVerificacion=176102aec9d248aab3b72deaad1e0beb001 (last access: 15 May 2020), 2018.Alfieri, L., Berenguer, M., Knechtl, V., Liechti, K., Sempere-Torres, D., and Zappa, M.: Flash Flood Forecasting Based on Rainfall Thresholds, in Handbook of Hydrometeorological Ensemble Forecasting, edited by: Duan, Q., Pappenberger, F., Wood, A., Cloke, H. L., and Schaake, J. C., 1–38, Springer, 2015.Álvaro, M., Del Olmo, P., and Anglada, E.: Mapa Geológico de España, 1:50 000, Hoja 700 (MANACOR), Madrid, available at: http://info.igme.es/cartografiadigital/datos/magna50/pdfs/d7_G50/Magna50_700.pdf (last access: 30 July 2020), 1991.Amirebrahimi, S., Rajabifard, A., Mendis, P., and Ngo, T.: A framework for a microscale flood damage assessment and visualization for a building using BIM–GIS integration, Int. J. Digit. Earth, 9, 363–386, https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2015.1034201, 2016.Amponsah, W., Marchi, L., Zoccatelli, D., Boni, G., Cavalli, M., Comiti, F., Crema, S., Lucía, A., Marra, F., and Borga, M.: Hydrometeorological Characterization of a Flash Flood Associated with Major Geomorphic Effects: Assessment of Peak Discharge Uncertainties and Analysis of the Runoff Response, J. Hydrometeorol., 17, 3063–3077, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-16-0081.1, 2016.Amponsah, W., Ayral, P.-A., Boudevillain, B., Bouvier, C., Braud, I., Brunet, P., Delrieu, G., Didon-Lescot, J.-F., Gaume, E., Lebouc, L., Marchi, L., Marra, F., Morin, E., Nord, G., Payrastre, O., Zoccatelli, D., and Borga, M.: Integrated high-resolution dataset of high-intensity European and Mediterranean flash floods, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1783–1794, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1783-2018, 2018.Artinyan, E., Vincendon, B., Kroumova, K., Nedkov, N., Tsarev, P., Balabanova, S., and Koshinchanov, G.: Flood forecasting and alert system for Arda River basin, J. Hydrol., 541, 457–470, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.059, 2016.Barbosa, S., Silva, Á., and Narciso, P.: Analysis of the 1 November 2015 heavy rainfall episode in Algarve by using weather radar and rain gauge data, Nat. Hazards, 93, 61–76, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-3065-2, 2018.Barredo, J. I.: Major flood disasters in Europe: 1950–2005, Nat. Hazards, 42, 125–148, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-9065-2, 2007.BOE: Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE No. 283) (23/11/2018). Decreto-ley 2/2018, de 18 de octubre, por el que se establecen ayudas y otras medidas urgentes para reparar las pérdidas y los daños producidos por las lluvias intensas y las inundaciones del día 9 de, Spain, available at: https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2018/11/23/pdfs/BOE-A-2018-15970.pdf (last access: 15 May 2020), 2018.BOE: Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE, No. 12) (26/01/2019), Real Decreto Ley 2/2019 de 25 de enero, por el que se adoptan medidas urgentes para paliar los daños causados por temporales y otras situaciones catastróficas, Spain, 2019.Borga, M., Boscolo, P., Zanon, F., and Sangati, M.: Hydrometeorological Analysis of the 29 August 2003 Flash Flood in the Eastern Italian Alps, J. Hydrometeorol., 8, 1049–1067, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm593.1, 2007.Borga, M., Gaume, E., Creutin, J. D., and Marchi, L.: Surveying flash floods: gauging the ungauged extremes, Hydrol. Process., 22, 3883–3885, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7111, 2008.Borselli, L., Cassi, P., and Torri, D.: Prolegomena to sediment and flow connectivity in the landscape: A GIS and field numerical assessment, CATENA, 75, 268–277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2008.07.006, 2008.Braud, I., Ayral, P.-A., Bouvier, C., Branger, F., Delrieu, G., Le Coz, J., Nord, G., Vandervaere, J.-P., Anquetin, S., Adamovic, M., Andrieu, J., Batiot, C., Boudevillain, B., Brunet, P., Carreau, J., Confoland, A., Didon-Lescot, J.-F., Domergue, J.-M., Douvinet, J., Dramais, G., Freydier, R., Gérard, S., Huza, J., Leblois, E., Le Bourgeois, O., Le Boursicaud, R., Marchand, P., Martin, P., Nottale, L., Patris, N., Renard, B., Seidel, J.-L., Taupin, J.-D., Vannier, O., Vincendon, B., and Wijbrans, A.: Multi-scale hydrometeorological observation and modelling for flash flood understanding, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3733–3761, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3733-2014, 2014.Calsamiglia, A., García-Comendador, J., Fortesa, J., López-Tarazón, J. A., Crema, S., Cavalli, M., Calvo-Cases, A., and Estrany, J.: Effects of agricultural drainage systems on sediment connectivity in a small Mediterranean lowland catchment, Geomorphology, 318, 162–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.06.011, 2018.Calvo-Cases, A., Gago, J., Ruiz-Pérez, M., García-Comendador, J., Fortesa, J., Company, J., Nácher-Rodríguez, B., Vallés-Morán, F. J., and Estrany, J.: Spatial distribution of geomorphic changes after an extreme flash-flood compared with hydrological and sediment connectivity, in European Geosciences Uninon General Assembly 2020, Copernicus Publications, 2020.Cassola, F., Ferrari, F., Mazzino, A., and Miglietta, M. M.: The role of the sea on the flash floods events over Liguria (northwestern Italy), Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 3534–3542, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068265, 2016.Cavalli, M., Trevisani, S., Comiti, F., and Marchi, L.: Geomorphometric assessment of spatial sediment connectivity in small Alpine catchments, Geomorphology, 188, 31–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.05.007, 2013.CCS: Estudio Siniestralidades 2018, Inundación extraordinaria Mallorca: Sant Llorenç des Cardassar. Consorcio de Compensación de Seguros. Ministerio de Economía y Empresa. Gobierno de España, available at: https://www.consorseguros.es/web/inicio (last access: 15 May 2020), 2018.Chapon, B., Delrieu, G., Gosset, M., and Boudevillain, B.: Variability of rain drop size distribution and its effect on the Z–R relationship: A case study for intense Mediterranean rainfall, Atmos. Res., 87, 52–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.07.003, 2008.Collier, C. G.: Flash flood forecasting: What are the limits of predictability?, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 3–23, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.29, 2007.Copernicus Emergency Management Service: [EMSR323] Flood in Balearic Island, Spain, available at: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSR323 (last access: 15 May 2020), 2018.Copernicus Emergency Management Service: Directorate Space, Security and Migration, European Commission Joint Research Centre, available at: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/ (last access: 14 August 2019), 2019.Corine Land Cover: Copernicus Land Monitoring Service, available at: https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover/clc2018 (last access: 15 May 2020), 2018.Crema, S. and Cavalli, M.: SedInConnect: a stand-alone, free and open source tool for the assessment of sediment connectivity, Comput. Geosci., 111, 39–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2017.10.009, 2018.Defossez, S. and Leone, F.: Assessing Vulnerability to Flooding: Progress and Limitations, Floods, 241–257, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78548-268-7.50014-6, 2017.Duo, E., Trembanis, A. C., Dohner, S., Grottoli, E., and Ciavola, P.: Local-scale post-event assessments with GPS and UAV-based quick-response surveys: a pilot case from the Emilia–Romagna (Italy) coast, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2969–2989, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2969-2018, 2018.ESRI: Arc Hydro Tools, available at: https://www.esri.com/en-us/home (last access: 15 May 2020), 2019.Estrany, J. and Grimalt, M.: Catchment controls and human disturbances on the geomorphology of small Mediterranean estuarine systems, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 150, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.03.021, 2014.Estrany, J., Garcia, C., and Batalla, R. J.: Groundwater control on the suspended sediment load in the Na Borges River, Mallorca, Spain, Geomorphology, 106, 292–303, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOMORPH.2008.11.008, 2009.Estrany, J., Ruiz, M., Calsamiglia, A., Carriquí, M., García-Comendador, J., Nadal, M., Fortesa, J., López-Tarazón, J. A., Medrano, H., and Gago, J.: Sediment connectivity linked to vegetation using UAVs: High-resolution imagery for ecosystem management, Sci. Total Environ., 671, 1192–1205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.399, 2019.Estrany, J., Ruiz-Pérez, M., Mutzner, R., Fortesa, J., Nácher-Rodríguez, B., Tomàs-Burguera, M., García-Comendador, J., Peña, X., Calvo-Cases, A., and Vallés-Morán, F. J.: Discharge data series of Begura de Salma River (Mallorca, Spain): January 2015–October 2018, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.921411 2020a.Estrany, J., Ruiz-Pérez, M., Mutzner, R., Fortesa, J., Nácher-Rodríguez, B., Tomàs-Burguera, M., García-Comendador, J., Peña, X., Calvo-Cases, A., and Vallés-Morán, F. J.: Monthly precipitation and runoff series of Begura de Salma River (Mallorca, Spain): January 2015–October 2018, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.921412, 2020b.Fortesa, J., García-Comendador, J., Calsamiglia, A., López-Tarazón, J. A., Latron, J., Alorda, B., and Estrany, J.: Comparison of stage/discharge rating curves derived from different recording systems: Consequences for streamflow data and water management in a Mediterranean island, Sci. Total Environ., 665, 968–981, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.158, 2019.Fulton, R. A., Breidenbach, J. P., Seo, D.-J., Miller, D. A., and O'Bannon, T.: The WSR-88D Rainfall Algorithm, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0377:TWRA>2.0.CO;2, 1998.García-Hernández, J., Jordan, J., Dubois, J., Boillat, J., and Schleiss, A.: Routing System II: Flow modelling in hydraulic systems, Communication, 32, 1661–1179, 2007.Gaume, E., Bain, V., Bernardara, P., Newinger, O., Barbuc, M., Bateman, A., Blaškovičová, L., Blöschl, G., Borga, M., Dumitrescu, A., Daliakopoulos, I., Garcia, J., Irimescu, A., Kohnova, S., Koutroulis, A., Marchi, L., Matreata, S., Medina, V., Preciso, E., Sempere-Torres, D., Stancalie, G., Szolgay, J., Tsanis, I., Velasco, D., and Viglione, A.: A compilation of data on European flash floods, J. Hydrol., 367, 70–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2008.12.028, 2009.Gaume, E., Borga, M., Llasat, M. C., Maouche, S., Lang, M., and Diakakis, M.: Mediterranean extreme floods and flash floods, in The Mediterranean Region under Climate Change. A Scientific Update, edited by: French National Alliance for Environmental Research – ALLENVI, 133–144, available at: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01465740v2/document (last access: 15 May 2020), 2016.Georgakakos, K. P.: On the Design of National, Real-Time Warning Systems with Capability for Site-Specific, Flash-Flood Forecasts, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 67, 1233–1239, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1986)067<1233:OTDONR>2.0.CO;2, 1986.Germann, U. and Joss, J.: Operational Measurement of Precipitation in Mountainous Terrain, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 52–77, 2004.GOIB: Mapas de peligrosidad y riesgo de inundación en la demarcación hidrográfica de Baleares. Conselleria de Medi Ambient, Agricultura i Pesca-Direcció General de Recursos Hídrics, available at: https://www.caib.es/sites/aigua/es/plan_de_ gestion_ del_riesgo_ de_ inundacion_de_ la_ demarcacion_hidrografica_ de_ las_islas_ baleares/ (last access: 15 May 2020), 2016.GOIB: Boletín Oficial de las Islas Baleares (BOIB No. 130) (18/10/2018), Decreto-ley 2/2018, de 18 de octubre, por el que se establecen ayudas y otras medidas urgentes para reparar las pérdidas y los daños producidos por las lluvias intensas y las inundaciones, available at: http://www.caib.es/eboibfront/pdf/ca/2018/130/101958 (last access: 15 May 2020), 2018.GOIB: El Govern ja ha abonat 30,4 milions d'euros en ajuts i actuacions de preparació de danys produïts per les inundacions del Llevant, English version: The Balearic Government has already paid 30.4 million euros in aid and actions for the damage caused by the floods in the Llevant county, available at: https://www.caib.es/pidip2front/jsp/ca/fitxa-convocatoria/strongel-govern-ja-ha-abonat-304-milions-drsquoeuros-en-ajuts-i-actuacions-de-reparacioacute-de-danys-produiumlts-per-les-inundacions-del-llevantstrongnbsp (last access: 15 May 2020), 2019.Gourley, J. J., Giangrande, S. E., Hong, Y., Flamig, Z. L., Schuur, T., and Vrugt, J. A.: Impacts of Polarimetric Radar Observations on Hydrologic Simulation, J. Hydrometeorol., 11, 781–796, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JHM1218.1, 2010.Guijarro, J. A.: Contribución a la Bioclimatología de Baleares, Universitat de les Illes Balears, PhD thesis, available at: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11765/5369 (last access: 30 July 2020), 1986.Hardy, J., Gourley, J., Kirstetter, P., Hong, Y., Kong, F., and Flamig, Z.: A method for probabilistic flash flood forecasting, J. Hydrol., 541, 480–494 2016.Harrison, D., Driscoll, S., and Kitchen, M.: Improving precipitation estimates from weather radar using quality control and correction techniques, Meteorol. Appl., 7, 135–144, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1350482700001468, 2000.Instituto Geográfico Nacional: Digital Terrain Model for Spain obtained from lidar flights, available at: http://centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/locale?request_locale=en (last access: 15 May 2020), 2014.Jordan, F.: Modèle de prévision et de gestion des crues-optimisation des opérations des aménagements hydroélectriques à accumulation pour la réduction des débits de crue, Laboratory of Hydraulic Construction, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 2007.Kalantari, Z., Cavalli, M., Cantone, C., Crema, S., and Destouni, G.: Flood probability quantification for road infrastructure: Data-driven spatial-statistical approach and case study applications, Sci. Total Environ., 581–582, 386–398, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2016.12.147, 2017.Langhammer, J. and Vacková, T.: Detection and Mapping of the Geomorphic Effects of Flooding Using UAV Photogrammetry, Pure Appl. Geophys., 175, 3223–3245, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1874-1, 2018.Laudan, J., Rözer, V., Sieg, T., Vogel, K., and Thieken, A. H.: Damage assessment in Braunsbach 2016: data collection and analysis for an improved understanding of damaging processes during flash floods, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2163–2179, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-2163-2017, 2017.Li, Z., Xu, X., Zhu, J., Xu, C., and Wang, K.: Effects of lithology and geomorphology on sediment yield in karst mountainous catchments, Geomorphology, 343, 119–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.07.001, 2019.Llasat, M. C., Llasat-Botija, M., Petrucci, O., Pasqua, A. A., Rosselló, J., Vinet, F., and Boissier, L.: Towards a database on societal impact of Mediterranean floods within the framework of the HYMEX project, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1337–1350, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1337-2013, 2013.Lorenzo-Lacruz, J., Amengual, A., Garcia, C., Morán-Tejeda, E., Homar, V., Maimó-Far, A., Hermoso, A., Ramis, C., and Romero, R.: Hydro-meteorological reconstruction and geomorphological impact assessment of the October 2018 catastrophic flash flood at Sant Llorenç, Mallorca (Spain), Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2597–2617, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2597-2019, 2019.Lowe, D.: Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints, Vancouver, available at: https://robo.fish/wiki/images/5/58/Image_Features_ From_ Scale_Invariant_ Keypoints_ Lowe_2004.pdf (last access: 11 September 2019), 2004.Marchi, L., Borga, M., Preciso, E., and Gaume, E.: Characterisation of selected extreme flash floods in Europe and implications for flood risk management, J. Hydrol., 394, 118–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.017, 2010.Marshall, J. S. and Palmer, W. M. K.: The distribution of raindrops with size, J. Meteorol., 5, 165–166, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0165:TDORWS>2.0.CO;2, 1948.Merheb, M., Moussa, R., Abdallah, C., Colin, F., Perrin, C., and Baghdadi, N.: Hydrological response characteristics of Mediterranean catchments at different time scales: a meta-analysis, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 61, 2520–2539, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2016.1140174, 2016.Miao, Q., Yang, D., Yang, H., and Li, Z.: Establishing a rainfall threshold for flash flood warnings in China's mountainous areas based on a distributed hydrological model, J. Hydrol., 541, 371–386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.04.054, 2016.Nguyen, P., Thorstensen, A., Sorooshian, S., Hsu, K., AghaKouchak, A., Sanders, B., Koren, V., Cui, Z., and Smith, M.: A high resolution coupled hydrologic–hydraulic model (HiResFlood-UCI) for flash flood modeling, J. Hydrol., 541, 401–420, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.10.047, 2016.Petrus, J. M., Ruiz, M., and Estrany, J.: Interactions between Geomorphology and Urban Evolution since Neolithic Times in a Mediterranean City, in: Urban Geomorphology, Landforms and Processes in Cities, edited by: Thornbush, M. J. and Allen, C. D., 9–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811951-8.00002-3, 2018.Piaggesi, D., Sund, K. J., and Castelnovo, W.: Global strategy and practice of e-governance?: examples from around the world, Information Science Reference, available at: https://www.igi-global.com/book/global-strategy-practice-governance/46168 (last access: 30 July 2020), 2011.Plank, S.: Rapid Damage Assessment by Means of Multi-Temporal SAR – A Comprehensive Review and Outlook to Sentinel-1, Remote Sens., 6, 4870–4906, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6064870, 2014.PNOA: Plan Nacional de Ortofotografía Aérea, Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Ministerio de Fomento, Gobierno de España, available at: https://pnoa.ign.es/productos_lidar (last access: 15 May 2020), 2015.Pol, J.: Informe INUNBAL Llevant Mallorca 2018, ISO 271/2018, available at: http://www.caib.es/pidip2front/jsp/adjunto?codi=2243620&idioma=ca (last access: 30 July 2020), Marratxí, 2019a.Pol, J.: Predicción y Gestión de Emergencias por Inundaciones, in: International Seminar of Planning and Management of Flood Risks in Mediterranean Environments, INAGEA, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, 2019b.Pons Esteva, A.: Evolució dels usos del sòl a les illes Balears, 1956–2000, Territoris, 4, 129–145, 2003.Schaefli, B., Hingray, B., Niggli, M., and Musy, A.: A conceptual glacio-hydrological model for high mountainous catchments, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 95–109, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-9-95-2005, 2005.Segura-Beltrán, F., Sanchis-Ibor, C., Morales-Hernández, M., González-Sanchis, M., Bussi, G., and Ortiz, E.: Using post-flood surveys and geomorphologic mapping to evaluate hydrological and hydraulic models: The flash flood of the Girona River (Spain) in 2007, J. Hydrol., 541, 310–329, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2016.04.039, 2016.Seo, B. C., Krajewski, W. F., and Qi, Y.: Utility of Vertically Integrated Liquid Water Content for Radar-Rainfall Estimation: Quality Control and Precipitation Type Classification, Atmos. Res., 236, 104800, https