El poblado minero-metalúrgico de El Cerro de los Almadenes (Otero de Herreros, Segovia)

Se analiza en el siguiente trabajo las labores arqueológicas llevadas a cabo en el poblado minero metalúrgico de El Cerro de los Almadenes (Otero de Herreros, Segovia), que ha proporcionado importantes datos para el conocimiento de la explotación del cobre en esta zona desde época protohistórica hasta época medieval. </div

Evidence for PTGER4, PSCA, and MBOAT7 as risk genes for gastric cancer on the genome and transcriptome level

Genetic associations between variants on chromosome 5p13 and 8q24 and gastric cancer (GC) have been previously reported in the Asian population. We aimed to replicate these findings and to characterize the associations at the genome and transcriptome level. We performed a fine-mapping association study in 1926 GC patients and 2012 controls of European descent using high dense SNP marker sets on both chromosomal regions. Next, we performed expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analyses using gastric transcriptome data from 143 individuals focusing on the GC associated variants. On chromosome 5p13 the strongest association was observed at rs6872282 (P = 2.53 × 10-04) and on chromosome 8q24 at rs2585176 (P = 1.09 × 10-09). On chromosome 5p13 we found cis-eQTL effects with an upregulation of PTGER4 expression in GC risk allele carrier (P = 9.27 × 10-11). On chromosome 8q24 we observed cis-eQTL effects with an upregulation of PSCA expression in GC risk allele carrier (P = 2.17 × 10-47). In addition, we found trans-eQTL effects for the same variants on 8q24 with a downregulation of MBOAT7 expression in GC risk allele carrier (P = 3.11 × 10-09). In summary, we confirmed and refined the previously reported GC associations at both chromosomal regions. Our data point to shared etiological factors between Asians and Europeans. Furthermore, our data imply an upregulated expression of PTGER4 and PSCA as well as a downregulated expression of MBOAT7 in gastric tissue as risk-conferring GC pathomechanisms

Epidemiological trends of HIV/HCV coinfection in Spain, 2015-2019

Altres ajuts: Spanish AIDS Research Network; European Funding for Regional Development (FEDER).Objectives: We assessed the prevalence of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies and active HCV infection (HCV-RNA-positive) in people living with HIV (PLWH) in Spain in 2019 and compared the results with those of four similar studies performed during 2015-2018. Methods: The study was performed in 41 centres. Sample size was estimated for an accuracy of 1%. Patients were selected by random sampling with proportional allocation. Results: The reference population comprised 41 973 PLWH, and the sample size was 1325. HCV serostatus was known in 1316 PLWH (99.3%), of whom 376 (28.6%) were HCV antibody (Ab)-positive (78.7% were prior injection drug users); 29 were HCV-RNA-positive (2.2%). Of the 29 HCV-RNA-positive PLWH, infection was chronic in 24, it was acute/recent in one, and it was of unknown duration in four. Cirrhosis was present in 71 (5.4%) PLWH overall, three (10.3%) HCV-RNA-positive patients and 68 (23.4%) of those who cleared HCV after anti-HCV therapy (p = 0.04). The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies decreased steadily from 37.7% in 2015 to 28.6% in 2019 (p < 0.001); the prevalence of active HCV infection decreased from 22.1% in 2015 to 2.2% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Uptake of anti-HCV treatment increased from 53.9% in 2015 to 95.0% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In Spain, the prevalence of active HCV infection among PLWH at the end of 2019 was 2.2%, i.e. 90.0% lower than in 2015. Increased exposure to DAAs was probably the main reason for this sharp reduction. Despite the high coverage of treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents, HCV-related cirrhosis remains significant in this population

Calcium-activated chloride current in normal mouse sympathetic ganglion cells.

1. In rat sympathetic ganglion cells, axotomy induces the appearance of a depolarizing after-potential (ADP) produced by a calcium-activated chloride current. Here we report that this current is also present in normal sympathetic neurones from the mouse. 2. In an in vitro preparation of the superior cervical ganglion, an ADP was observed after spike firing in 50% of the cells studied with single-electrode current- and voltage-clamp techniques. 3. When the cells were voltage clamped at -50 mV in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA), depolarizing jumps evoked inward calcium currents which were contaminated by outward chloride currents, followed by slowly decaying inward chloride tail currents. 4. The ADP and the inward tail currents disappeared when calcium was removed from the extracellular solution or when cadmium was added. 5. The reversal potential for the inward tail current was approximately -24 mV and was displaced in agreement with the Nernst equation for chloride when the extracellular NaCl was replaced by sucrose or sodium isethionate. The chloride channel blocker anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (9AC) inhibited both the ADP and the tail current. 6. Using intracellular injection of neurobiotin, we found that cells with shorter dendrites had larger ADPs. In axotomized ganglia practically all cells showed very pronounced ADPs. 7. We conclude that normal mouse sympathetic ganglion cells have a calcium-activated chloride current that generates an ADP. The channels responsible for this current are probably located in the dendrites

Proyecto de enseñanza del ordenamiento constitucional

Que el individuo (alumno) se integre o se sienta movido a integrarse en la comunidad social y política. Que de esta integración, surja en el el modo concreto (laboral y político) de ser ciudadano, al que le corresponderá el aprendizaje adecuado en el centro de enseñanza adecuado. 240 alumnos masculinos de tercero de BUP de régimen diurno del Instituto de Bachillerato Padre Isla (León). Este proyecto trata de convertir el texto constitucional en modos de vivir y sentir. Ello, implica sacarlo del aula y cotejarlo con la realidad. La actividad constitucional se extenderá a lo largo de todo el curso, se le dedicarán 3 horas lectivas semanales y tendrá las siguientes fases: Primera fase: recogida de información. Los datos serán recogidos mediante la visita y la entrevista. Se acompañará de la prensa diaria. Segunda fase: elaboración de la información. Se constituirá un archivo de prensa y documentos. Tercera fase: transmisión y puesta en común de la información, mediante exposiciones orales, cuestiones polémicas, sesiones videotelevisadas, mesas redondas y dinámica grupal. Las fases no se realizarán cronológicamente una tras otra. El contenido de las mismas se ha pormenorizado. Sin embargo, se le propondrá al alumno un conjunto de unidades didácticas en los que ir enmarcando sus resultados. El conjunto temático, será el marco teórico para la localización y ubicación de la experiencia práctica. La evaluación del proyecto será grupal mediante ítems que se pasaran a todos los participantes. En la puesta en marcha del proyecto: A. De 3 horas semanales de dedicación se pasó a 2 horas. B. No se inició en octubre sino prácticamente en enero. C. Fue necesaria la reordenación de actividades. D. No se consiguió introducir a los padres de los alumnos en discusiones o debates conjuntos. E. No se hicieron tantas visitas. F. No se manejó la prensa con tanta profusión. Y en general no se hizo todo lo proyectado, pero sí más de lo programado. A pesar de ello: F. La participación e interés de los alumnos han sido muy altos. G. Ahora tienen una visión realista de la Constitución.Castilla y LeónBiblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín, 5 - 3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; Fax +34917748026; [email protected]