Frequency of Dental Caries in Four Historical Populations from the Chalcolithic to the Middle Ages

The majority of dental carie studies over the course of historical period underline mainly the prevalence evolution, the role of carbohydrates consumption and the impact of access to dietary resources. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare population samples from two archaeological periods the Chacolithic and Middle Age taking into account the geographical and socio economical situation. The study concerned four archaelogical sites in south west France and population samples an inlander for the Chalcolithic Age, an inlander, an costal and urban for the Middle Age. The materials studied included a total of 127 maxillaries, 103 mandibles and 3316 teeth. Data recorded allowed us to display that the Chalcolithic population sample had the lowest carie percentage and the rural inlander population samples of Middle Age the highest; in all cases molars were teeth most often affected. These ones differences could be explained according to time period, carious lesions were usually less recorded in the Chalcolithic Age than the Middle because of a lesser cultivation of cereals like in les Treilles Chacolithic population sample. In the Middle Age population samples, the rural inland sample Marsan showed the highest frequency of caries and ate more cereal than the coastal Vilarnau and the poor urban St Michel population samples, the first one ate fish and Mediterranean vegetal and fruits and the second one met difficulties to food access, in both cases the consumption of carbohydrates was lesser than Marsan population sample who lived in a geographical land convice to cereals cultivation

Geoheritage, a National Inventory in France

International audienceGood protection measures for geological heritage should begin with an inventory of geosites. In France, for example, a law enacted in 2002 grants formal recognition to the notion of geological heritage. An inventory and evaluation were then established on a region-by-region basis. By April 2007, the French Ministry of Environment launched the inventory programme for the nation’s geological heritage and the data are now being collected at a regional scale. The data are being gathered and homogenised, and then transferred to the French National Museum of Natural History for examination.The ratified site data are stored and available for public use on a website (http://inpn.mnhn.fr) in a similar structure to natural data that are also processed and stored (flora, fauna, ecosystems, habitats). Today, protecting global heritage is understood as a dynamic process. Instead of placing objects beneath a display case, the conservation approach is now a more modern, active effort, which facilitates access for knowledge and researc

Description de la femelle de Drusus spelaeus (Ulmer) [Trich.Limnophilidae]

Bouvet Yvette, Gautheron-Duranthon F. Description de la femelle de Drusus spelaeus (Ulmer) [Trich.Limnophilidae]. In: Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, volume 75 (7-8), Septembre-octobre 1970. pp. 199-201

Description de la femelle de Drusus spelaeus (Ulmer) [Trich.Limnophilidae]

Bouvet Yvette, Gautheron-Duranthon F. Description de la femelle de Drusus spelaeus (Ulmer) [Trich.Limnophilidae]. In: Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, volume 75 (7-8), Septembre-octobre 1970. pp. 199-201

Les pratiques de subsistance au Néolithique final dans le sud de la France : analyse isotopique de la population de la grotte I des Treilles (commune de Saint-Jean-et-Saint-Paul, Aveyron)

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A revision of Aceratherium blanfordi Lydekker, 1884 (Mammalia: Rhinocerotidae) from the Early Miocene of Pakistan: postcranials as a key.

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The use of ultrasound biomicroscopy for embryo injections

Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) is based on the use of > 25 MHz probes enabling high resolution (<100μ) in vivo visualisation of structures up to 1cm deep. It is currently used in ophthalmology and biomedical research (rodents). Ultrasound-guidance is used to improve the accuracy of needle placement for in vivo injections. In developmental biology, the in vitro and in vivo injection of cells, tracer dyes and adenoviral or retroviral vectors into embryos are powerful approaches for studying developmental processes. After implantation, however, the conceptus is encased in the uterus and in vivo injections into the conceptus become a technical challenge when performed in a "blind" manner. In utero microinjection under UBM guidance was shown to be a useful tool for exploring the developmental consequences of altering gene expression and for studying cell lineage or migration during early embryonic and placental development in mice. For example ectoplacental cone region, amniotic cavity and exocoelomic cavity were accurately targeted at E6.5 and E7.5 and a fluorescent bead suspension was injected to study early placental and embryonic development. We have adapted this technique to the rabbit, targeting embryos in vivo at the peri-implantation stage (day 6 to 7.5). As a proof of concept, we performed an experiment on 4 female rabbits. Females were time-mated. On day 6.75, they were anaesthetized and a laparotomy was performed. Uterine horns were exteriorised. Two embryos per doe were injected with sterile saline. Animals were euthanized on Day14. We obtained 2 well-developed live conceptuses after UBM guided embryo injection. In conclusion, UBM makes it possible to puncture rabbit embryos at the peri-implantation stage without compromising normal development. This technique is relevant for any injection or sampling into the embryo with subsequent study of development