Wound healing effects of tamarind fruit extract (Tamarindus indica) on Sprague Dawley rats

This study employed an experimental research design. A total of twelve Sprague Dawley rats were used for the experiment. These were divided into 4 groups of 3 rats each. 4mm biopsy punch was applied at the dorsal region of each rats and to the wounds of the rats in group 1 which served as the control group. The wound of each Sprague dawley rats were measured daily by using a Vernier caliper for a period of 21 days. Tissue samples were also collected from one rat per group every week of the experiment and processed for routine histological analysis. The results showed that wounds treated with tamarind showed a faster rate of wound closure and increasing epithelial migration and re-epithelialization

First multispacecraft ion measurements in and near the Earth’s magnetosphere with the identical Cluster ion spectrometry (CIS) experiment

On board the four Cluster spacecraft, the Cluster Ion Spectrometry (CIS) experiment measures the full, three-dimensional ion distribution of the major magnetospheric ions (H+, He+, He++, and O+) from the thermal energies to about 40 keV/e. The experiment consists of two different instruments: a COmposition and DIstribution Function analyser (CIS1/CODIF), giving the mass per charge composition with medium (22.5°) angular resolution, and a Hot Ion Analyser (CIS2/HIA), which does not offer mass resolution but has a better angular resolution (5.6°) that is adequate for ion beam and solar wind measurements. Each analyser has two different sensitivities in order to increase the dynamic range. First tests of the instruments (commissioning activities) were achieved from early September 2000 to mid January 2001, and the operation phase began on 1 February 2001. In this paper, first results of the CIS instruments are presented showing the high level performances and capabilities of the instruments. Good examples of data were obtained in the central plasma sheet, magnetopause crossings, magnetosheath, solar wind and cusp measurements. Observations in the auroral regions could also be obtained with the Cluster spacecraft at radial distances of 4–6 Earth radii. These results show the tremendous interest of multispacecraft measurements with identical instruments and open a new area in magnetospheric and solar wind-magnetosphere interaction physics.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (magnetopause, cusp and boundary layers; magnetopheric configuration and dynamics; solar wind - magnetosphere interactions