Adipocyte lipid synthesis coupled to neuronal control of thermogenic programming

BACKGROUND: The de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids (DNL) through fatty acid synthase (FASN) in adipocytes is exquisitely regulated by nutrients, hormones, fasting, and obesity in mice and humans. However, the functions of DNL in adipocyte biology and in the regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis are not fully understood. METHODS and RESULTS: Here we show adipocyte DNL controls crosstalk to localized sympathetic neurons that mediate expansion of beige/brite adipocytes within inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT). Induced deletion of FASN in white and brown adipocytes of mature mice (iAdFASNKO mice) enhanced glucose tolerance, UCP1 expression, and cAMP signaling in iWAT. Consistent with induction of adipose sympathetic nerve activity, iAdFASNKO mice displayed markedly increased neuronal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) content in iWAT. In contrast, brown adipose tissue (BAT) of iAdFASNKO mice showed no increase in TH or NPY, nor did FASN deletion selectively in brown adipocytes (UCP1-FASNKO mice) cause these effects in iWAT. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that downregulation of fatty acid synthesis via FASN depletion in white adipocytes of mature mice can stimulate neuronal signaling to control thermogenic programming in iWAT

Early Geometrical Thinking in the Environment of Patterns, Mosaics and Isometries

This book discusses the learning and teaching of geometry, with a special focus on kindergarten and primary education. It examines important new trends and developments in research and practice, and emphasizes theoretical, empirical and developmental issues. Further, it discusses various topics, including curriculum studies and implementation, spatial abilities and geometric reasoning, as well as the psychological roots of geometrical thinking and teacher preparation in geometry education. It considers these issues from historical, epistemological, cognitive semiotic and educational points of view in the context of students' difficulties and the design of teaching and curricula

Effects of wholesaler and consumer conditions on egg quality parameters in different seasons

The present study was conducted to investigate whether effects of wholesaler and consumer conditions on egg quality parameters in summer and winter seasons. Two experiments were carried out with a total of 360 eggs obtained from Lohman Brown hens 44 weeks old age in summer and with a total of 360 eggs obtained from 76 weeks of age same chickens in winter. The quality criteria were evaluated the eggs stored under different temperature conditions. Eggs were divided into two groups in each season. The groups were stored in wholesaler conditions (28Cº summer, 21Cº winter) and consumer conditions (+ 4Cº) for 4 weeks. External and internal quality traits of eggs were measured weekly. Egg weight, shape index, breaking strength, albumin index, yolk index, Haugh unit (HU), shell weight, and albumin pH value were measured. The results of the experiment, egg weight loss increased linearly with storage time. These weight losses were higher in summer and wholesale condition. According to the both experiments breaking strength, shell weight and shape index were not affected by storage conditions, but albumin index, yolk index and Haugh unit were also affected by storage conditions and different season (P <0.01). The pH of the eggs which stored in the wholesaler conditions were found higher than that stored in consumer eggs conditions in both seasons. Internal quality characteristics were influenced by the storage temperature during the storage period in both seasons. As a result, egg qualities which are stored in the consumer conditions were similarly determined in summer and winter season. The results suggest that eggs which are stored wholesaler conditions can be safely consume for one week of storage in summer time whereas egg of shelf life was elongated until two weeks of storage in winter time

Treatment of manic patients during hospitalisation - a retrospective chart review in 2004-2008: what has changed?

22nd Congress of the European-College-of-Neuropsychopharmacology -- SEP 12-16, 2009 -- Istanbul, TURKEYWOS: 000270312500320…European Coll Neuropsychopharmaco